HomeMy WebLinkAboutReso 125-07 Grafton Station Ph 1
RESOLUTION NO. 125 - 07
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL
OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN
*********
APPROVING THE IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT WITH THE STANFORTH HOLDING
COMPANY AND THE WHITING-TURNER CONTRACTING COMPANY FOR
GRAFTON STATION, PHASE 1 - DUBLIN BOULEVARD AND GRAFTON STREET
WHEREAS, the Stanforth Holding Company, LLC, and the Whiting-Turner Contracting
Company intend to construct certain roadway improvements to serve the Grafton Station commercial
center; and
WHEREAS, the Stanforth Holding Company, 'LLC, and the Whiting-Turner Contracting
Company have executed and filed with the City of Dublin an Improvement Agreement to install said
roadway improvements in Dublin Boulevard and for Grafton Street (Private Street) south of Dublin
Boulevard in accordance with the approved improvement plans; and
WHEREAS, said Improvement Agreement is secured by bonds furnished by Fidelity and Deposit
Company of Maryland in the amount of $1,119,000 (Bond No. 8894956), conditioned upon faithful
performance of said Agreement; and
WHEREAS, said Improvement Agreement is secured by bonds furnished by Fidelity and Deposit
Company of Maryland in the amount of $1,119,000 (Bond No. 8894956), conditioned upon payment for
labor performed or material furnished under the terms of said Agreement;
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that said Improvement Agreement, attached hereto
as Exhibit" A." is hereby approved.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Mayor is hereby authorized by the City Council to
execute said Improvement Agreement.
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 17th day of July, 2007.
AYES: Councilmembers Hildenbrand, Oravetz, Sbranti, Scholz and Mayor Lockhart
NOES: None
ABSENT: None
ABSTAIN: None
ATTEST:
G:CC-MTGS/7 -17 -07 /R 125 Grafton St Improvemts (Item 4.7)
G:\DEVELOPMENT, PRIV ATBDublin Ranch\Area H\Grafton Station Pads SDR\Reso Imp Agree.doc
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
GRAFTON STATION
PHASE 1 - DUBLIN BOULEVARD AND GRAFTON STREET
This agreement is made and entered into this 17th day of July, 2007, by and between the
CITY of Dublin, a municipal corporation, hereinafter referred to as "CITY", and the Stanforth Holding
Company, LLC, and the Whiting-Turner Contracting Company (the Stanforth Holding Company, LLC
and the Whiting-Turner Contracting Company are hereinafter referred to collectively as "OWNER").
RECIT ALS
WHEREAS, the Stanforth Holding Company, LLC is the owner of certain land within the.
City of Dublin, known as Grafton Station. The City has approved certain development projects within
Grafton Station that require the construction ofthe improvements that are the subject ofthis Improvement
Agreement;
WHEREAS, it has been determined by the CITY Council ofthe CITY of Dublin, State of
California, that OWNER desires to construct the following improvements (hereafter collectively "The
Improvements") :
. Modification of the traffic signal at Dublin Boulevard and Brannigan Street to provide
the southern leg.
. Construction of the Dublin Boulevard westbound left turn lane at Brannigan Street.
. Construction of the portion of the Grafton Station driveway entrance at Brannigan
Street within the Dublin Boulevard right of way.
. Installation of a new traffic signal at Dublin Boulevard and Grafton Street.
. Construction of decorative cross walks at Dublin Boulevard and Grafton Street.
. Construction of full private street improvements from curb to curb for the private
Grafton Street and driveway entrances into Grafton Station.
. Median landscape for the private Grafton Street and the driveway entrances into
Grafton Station.
. Temporary private sidewalk from Dublin Boulevard to the west end of the northern
driveway entrance into Grafton Street.
The Improvements shall be constructed in accordance with the following referenced plans, which are
hereby referred to for a more definite description of the work to be performed under this Agreement as
though set forth at length herein;
. Grafton Station Improvement Plans, Phase i-Dublin Boulevard and Grafton Street
prepared by MacKay & Somps, and signed by the City Engineer on May 15, 2007.
· Dublin Boulevard at Brannigan & Grafton Street Traffic Signal Improvements prepared
by TJKM Transportation Consultants.
. Grafton Station Landscape Plans, Phase i-Dublin Boulevard and Grafton Street
prepared by GLS Architecture/Landscape Architecture dated May 2007.
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
G:\DEVEWPMENT, PRIVATE\Dublin Ranch\Area H\Grafton Station Pads SDR\Imp Agree.DOC
Page I of 10
WHEREAS, OWNER intends to satisfactorily complete The Improvements within the time
hereinafter specified, and CITY intends to accept The Improvements within the public right of way in
consideration for OWNER's satisfactory performance of the terms and conditions of this Agreement;
WHEREAS, CITY has determined that The Improvements are a public works subject to California
prevailing wage requirements;
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises, conditions and covenants herein
contained, the parties agree as follows:
Section 1.
Completion Time.
OWNER will commence construction of the Improvements within ninety days following the date
on which CITY executes this Agreement. OWNER shall complete the Improvements no later than 2 years
following execution of this agreement.
Section 2.
Estimated Cost of Improvements.
For purposes ofthis Agreement, the estimated cost of constructing The Improvements is agreed to
be $1,119,000 per the Bond Estimate prepared by MacKay & Somps dated May 16, 2007. Said amounts
include costs and reasonable expenses and fees which may be incurred in enforcing the obligation secured.
Section 3.
Bonds Furnished.
Whiting- Turner has furnished CITY with the following security in a form satisfactory to the CITY
Attorney:
a. Faithful Performance. Either a cash deposit, a corporate surety bond issued by a company
duly and legally licensed to conduct a general surety business in the State of California, or
an instrument of credit equivalent to one hundred percent (100%) of the estimates set forth
in Paragraph 2 and sufficient to assure CITY that The Improvements will be satisfactorily
completed.
b. Labor and Materials. Either a cash deposit, a corporate surety bond issued by a company
duly and legally licensed to conduct a general surety business in the State of California, or
an instrument of credit equivalent to one hundred percent (100%) of the estimates set forth
in Paragraph 2 and sufficient to assure CITY that OWNER'S contractors, subcontractors,
and other persons furnishing labor, materials, or equipment shall be paid therefor.
CITY shall be the sole indemnitee named on any instrument required by this Agreement. Any
instrument or deposit required herein shall conform to the provisions of Chapter 5 of the Subdivision Map
Act.
Section 4.
Insurance Required.
Prior to commencing construction of the improvements, OWNER shall obtain or cause to be
obtained and filed with the CITY, all insurance required under this paragraph, and such insurance shall
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street Al1\11584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 2 of 10
have been approved by the Administrative Services Director of CITY, or his designee, as to form, amount
and carrier. Prior to the commencement of work under this Agreement, OWNER's general contractor
shall obtain or cause to be obtained and filed with the Administrative Services Director, all insurance
required under this paragraph, and such insurance shall have been approved by the Administrative
Services Director of CITY, as to form, amount and carrier. OWNER shall not allow any contractor or
subcontractor to commence work on this contract or subcontract until all insurance required for OWNER
and OWNER's general contractor shall have been so obtained and approved. Said insurance shall be
maintained in full force and effect until the completion of work under this Agreement and the final
acceptance thereof by CITY. All requirements herein provided shall appear either in the body of the
insurance policies or as endorsements and shall specifically bind the insurance carrier.
a. Minimum Scope of Insurance. Coverage shall be at least as broad as:
(i) Insurance Services Office form number GL 0002 (Ed. 1/73) covering
comprehensive General Liability and Insurance Services Office form
number GL 0404 covering Broad Form Comprehensive General Liability;
or Insurance Services Office Commercial General Liability coverage
("occurrence" form CG 0001.)
(ii) Insurance Services Office form number CA 0001 (Ed. 1/78) covering
Automobile Liability, code 1 "any auto" and endorsement CA 0025.
(iii) Workers' Compensation insurance as required by the Labor Code of the
State of California and Employers Liability Insurance.
b. Minimum Limits of Insurance. OWNER shall maintain limits no less than:
(i) General Liability: $1,000,000 combined single limit per occurrence for
bodily injury, personal injury and property damage. If commercial General
Liability Insurance or other form with a general aggregate limit is used,
either the general aggregate limit shall apply separately to this
project/location or the general aggregate limit shall be twice the required
occurrence limit.
(ii) Automobile Liability: $1,000,000 combined single limit per accident for
bodily injury and property damage.
(iii) Workers' Compensation and Employers Liability: Workers' compensation
limits as required by the Labor Code of the State of California and
Employers Liability limits of $1,000,000 per accident.
c. Deductibles and Self-Insurance Retentions. Any deductibles or self-insured
retentions must be declared to and approved by the CITY. At the option of the
CITY, either the insurer shall reduce or eliminate such deductibles or self-insured
retentions as respects the CITY, its officers, officials and employees; or the
OWNER shall procure a bond guaranteeing payment of losses and related
investigations, claim administration and defense expenses.
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street Al1\11584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 3 of! 0
d. Other Insurance Provisions. The policies are to contain, or be endorsed to contain,
the following provisions:
(i) General Liability and Automobile Liability Coverages.
(a) The CITY, its officers, agents, officials, employees and volunteers
shall be named as additional insureds as respects: liability arising
out of activities performed by or on behalf ofthe OWNER; products
and completed operations of the OWNER; premises owned,
occupied or used by the OWNER; or automobiles owned, leased,
hired or borrowed by the OWNER. The coverage shall contain no
special limitations on the scope of the protection afforded to the
CITY, its officers, officials, employees or volunteers.
(b) The OWNER's insurance coverage shall be primary insurance as
respects the CITY, its officers, officials, employees and volunteers.
Any insurance or self-insurance maintained by the CITY, its
officers, officials, employees or volunteers shall be excess ofthe
OWNER's insurance and shall not contribute with it.
(c) Any failure to comply with reporting provisions of the policies shall
not affect coverage provided to the CITY, its officers, officials,
employees or volunteers.
(d) The OWNER's insurance shall apply separately to each insured
against whom claim is made or suit is brought, except with respect
to the limits of the insurer's liability.
(ii) Workers' Compensation and Employers Liability Coverage. The insurer
shall agree to waive all rights of subrogation against the CITY, its officers,
officials, employees and volunteers for losses arising from work performed
by the OWNER for the CITY.
(iii) All Coverages.
Each insurance policy required by this clause shall be endorsed to state that
coverage shall not be suspended, voided, cancelled by either party, reduced
in coverage or in limits except after thirty (30) days' prior written notice by
certified mail, return receipt requested, has been given to the CITY.
(a) Acceptability of Insurers. Insurance is to be placed with insurers
with a Bests' rating of no less than A:VII.
(b) Verification of Coverage. OWNER shall furnish CITY with
certificates of insurance and with original endorsements effecting
coverage required by this clause. The certificates and endorsements
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street A11\11584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 4 of 10
for each insurance policy are to be signed by a person authorized by
that insurer to bind coverage on its behalf. The certificates and
endorsements are to be received and approved by the CITY before
work commences. The CITY reserves the right to require complete,
certified copies of all required insurance policies, at any time.
(c) Subcontractors. OWNER and/or OWNER's general contractor shall
include all subcontractors as insureds under its policies or shall
obtain separate certificates and endorsements for each subcontractor.
All coverages for subcontractors shall be subject to all of the
requirements stated herein.
Section 5.
Work Performance and Guarantee.
Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Agreement, and excepting only items of routine
maintenance, ordinary wear and tear and unusual abuse or neglect, OWNER guarantees all work executed
by OWNER and/or OWNER's agents, and all supplies, materials and devices of whatsoever nature
incorporated in, or attached to the work, or otherwise delivered to CITY as a part of the work pursuant to
the Agreement, to be free of all defects of workmanship and materials for a period of one (1) year after
acceptance of the entire work by CITY. OWNER shall repair or replace any or all such work or material,
together with all or any other work or materials which may be displaced or damaged in so doing, that may
prove defective in workmanship or material within said one-year guarantee period without expense or
charge of any nature whatsoever to CITY. OWNER further covenants and agrees that when defects in
design, workmanship and materials actually appear during the one-year guarantee period, and have been
corrected, the guarantee period shall automatically be extended for the corrected items for an additional
year to insure that such defects have actually been corrected.
In the event the OWNER shall fail to comply with the conditions of the foregoing guarantee within
thirty (30) days time or such longer time period as agreed to in writing by the City Engineer, after being
notified of the defect in writing, CITY shall have the right, but shall not be obligated, to repair or obtain
the repair of the defect, and OWNER shall pay to CITY on demand all costs and expense of such repair.
Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, in the event that any defect in workmanship or material
covered by the foregoing guarantee results in a condition which constitutes an immediate hazard to the
public health, safety, or welfare, CITY shall have the right to immediately repair, or cause to be repaired,
such defect, and OWNER shall pay to CITY on demand all costs and expense of such repair. The
foregoing statement relating to hazards to health and safety shall be deemed to include either temporary or
permanent repairs which may be required as determined in the sole discretion and judgment of CITY.
If CITY, at its sole option, makes or causes to be made the necessary repairs or replacements or
performs the necessary work, OWNER shall pay, in addition to actual costs and expenses of such repair or
work, twenty-five percent (25%) of such costs and expenses for overhead and interest at the maximum
rate of interest permitted by law accruing thirty (30) days from the date of billing for such work or repairs.
Section 6.
Inspection of the Work.
OWNER shall guarantee free access to CITY through its City Engineer and his designated
representative for the safe and convenient inspection of the work throughout its construction. Said CITY
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street All\I1584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 5 of 10
representative shall have the authority to reject all materials and workmanship which are not in
accordance with the plans and specifications, and all such materials and or work shall be removed
promptly by OWNER and replaced to the satisfaction of CITY without any expense to CITY in strict
accordance with the Improvements plans and specifications.
Section 7.
Agreement Assignment.
OWNER shall not assign this Agreement without the written consent of CITY, which consent
shall not be unreasonably withheld.
Section 8.
Abandonment of Work.
Neither OWNER nor any of OWNER's agents or contractors are or shall be considered to be
agents of CITY in connection with the performance of OWNER's obligations under this Agreement.
If OWNER refuses or fails to obtain prosecution of the work, or any severable part thereof, with
such diligence as will insure its completion within the time specified, or any extension thereof, or fails to
obtain completion of said work within such time, or if OWNER should be adjudged as bankrupt, or
should make a general assignment for the benefit of OWNER's creditors, or if a receiver should be
appointed, or if OWNER, or any of OWNER's contractors, subcontractors, agents or employees should
violate any ofthe provisions of this Agreement, the CITY through its City Engineer may serve written
notice on OWNER and OWNER's surety or holder of other security of breach of this Agreement, or of any
portion, thereof, and default of OWNER.
In the event of any such notice of breach of this Agreement, OWNER's surety shall have the duty
to take over and complete The Improvements herein specified; provided, however, that if the surety,
within thirty (30) days after the serving upon it of such notice of breach, does not give CITY written
notice of its intention to take over the performance of the contract, and does not commence performance
thereof within thirty (30) days after notice to CITY of such election, CITY may take over the work and
prosecute the same to completion, by contract or by any other method CITY may deem advisable, for the
account and at the expense of OWNER and OWNER's surety shall be liable to CITY for any damages
and/or reasonable and documented excess costs occasioned by CITY thereby; and, in such event, CITY,
without liability for so doing, may take possession of, and utilize in completing the work, such materials,
appliances, plant and other property belonging to OWNER as may be on the site of the work and
necessary therefor.
Section 9.
Notices
All notices herein required shall be in writing, and delivered in person or sent by registered mail,
postage prepaid.
Notices required to be given to CITY shall be addressed as follows:
Mark Lander, City Engineer
City of Dublin
100 Civic Plaza
Dublin, CA 94568
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street AIl\I1584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 6 of 10
Notices required to be given to OWNER shall be addressed as follows:
Stanforth Holding Company, LLC
c/o James Tong
4690 Chabot Drive, Suite 100
Pleasanton, CA 94588
Notices required to be given surety of OWNER shall be addressed as follows:
Bonding Company:
Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland S
Surety & Financial Claims
Attn: Dean Highcovc
3910 Kewick R.oad, 5th Floor
Baltimore,. .MD 21211
Any party or the surety may change such address by notice in writing to the other party and
thereafter notices shall be addressed and transmitted to the new address.
Concurrently with the execution of this Agreement, OWNER has executed and has caused to be
acknowledged an abstract ofthis Agreement. OWNER agrees CITY may record said abstract in the
Official Records of Alameda County.
Section 10. Safety Devices.
OWNER shall provide and maintain such guards, watchmen, fences, barriers, regulatory signs,
warning lights, and other safety devices adjacent to and on the site of The Improvements as may be
necessary to prevent accidents to the public and damage to the property. OWNER shall furnish, place,
and maintain such lights as may be necessary for illuminating the said fences, barriers, signs, and other
safety devices. At the end of all work to be performed under this Agreement, all fences, barriers,
regulatory signs, warning lights, and other safety devices (except such safety items as may be shown on
the plans and included in the items of work) shall be removed from site ofthe work by the OWNER, and
the entire site left clean and orderly.
Section II. Acceptance of Work and Easement.
Upon notice of the completion of The Improvements and the delivery of a set of final as-built
mylar plans with electronic file to CITY by OWNER, CITY, through its City Engineer or his designated
representative, shall examine the work without delay, and, if found to be in accordance with said plans
and specifications and this Agreement, shall recommend acceptance of the work to the City Council and,
upon such acceptance, shall notify OWNER or his designated agents of such acceptance
Concurrently with the notice of completion, OWNER shall dedicate to CITY any right of way
and easements deemed necessary by the City Engineer for the maintenance of those portions of The
Improvements that are public, and, at acceptance of the Work, CITY shall also accept anyright-of-
way and maintenance easement dedication.
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street A11\J 1584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRJ forWT.DOC
Page 7 of 10
Section 12. Patent and Copyright Costs.
In the event that said plans and specifications require the use of any material, process or
publication which is subject to a duly registered patent or copyright, OWNER shall be liable for, and shall
indemnify CITY from any fees, costs or litigation expenses, including attorneys' fees and court costs,
which may result from the use of said patented or copyrighted material, process or publication.
Section 13. Alterations in Plans and Specifications.
Any alteration or alterations made in the plans and specifications which are a part of this
Agreement or any provision ofthis Agreement shall not operate to release any surety or sureties from
liability on any bond or bonds attached hereto and made a part hereof, and consent to make such
alterations is hereby given, and the sureties to said bonds hereby waive the provisions of Section 2819 of
the Civil Code of the State of California.
Section 14. Liability.
a. OWNER Primarily Liable. OWNER hereby warrants that the design and
construction of The Improvements will be performed in a proper manner. OWNER
agrees to indemnify, defend, release, and save harmless CITY, and each of its
elective and appointive boards, commissions, officers agents and employees, from
and against any and all loss, claims, suits, liabilities, actions, damages, or causes of
action of every kind, nature and description, directly or indirectly arising from an
act or omission of OWNER, its employees, agents, or independent contractors in
connection with OWNER'S actions and obligations hereunder; provided as follows:
(i) That CITY does not, and shall not, waive any rights against OWNER which
it may have by reason of the aforesaid hold harmless agreement, because of
the acceptance by CITY, or the deposit with CITY by OWNER, of any of
the insurance policies described in Paragraph 3 hereof.
(ii) That the aforesaid hold harmless agreement by OWNER shall apply to all
damages and claims for damages of every kind suffered, or alleged to have
been suffered, by reason of any of the aforesaid operations referred to in this
paragraph, regardless of whether or not CITY has prepared, supplied, or
approved of plans and/or specifications for the subdivision, or regardless of
whether or not such insurance policies shall have been determined to be
applicable to any of such damages or claims for damages.
b. Design Defect. If a design defect in the work of Improvements becomes apparent
during the course of construction, or within one (1) year following acceptance by
the CITY of the Improvements, and said design defect, in the opinion of the CITY,
may substantially impair the public health and safety, OWNER shall, upon order by
the CITY, redesign the improvements as necessary to correct said design defect and
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street A11\11584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 8 of 10
reconstruct the improvements as necessary to correct said design defect at his sole
cost and expense, and the sureties under the Faithful Performance and Labor and
Materials Bonds shall be liable to the CITY for the corrective work required.
c. Litigation Expenses. In the event that legal action is instituted by either party to
this Agreement, and said action seeks damages for breach of this Agreement or
seeks to specifically enforce the terms of this Agreement, and, in the event
judgment is entered in said action, the prevailing party shall be entitled to recover
its attorneys' fees and court costs. If CITY is the prevailing party, CITY shall also
be entitled to recover its attorney's fees and costs in any action against OWNER's
surety on the bonds provided under Section 3.
Section 15. Right of Entry.
CITY grants to OWNER a right of entry to enter upon the property within Brannigan Street and
Dublin Boulevard with such personnel, equipment, machinery, vehicles and materials as may be necessary
for the sole purpose of construction of The Improvements pursuant to this Agreement. This right of entry
shall be effective upon the date of this agreement and shall terminate on upon acceptance of The
Improvements by the City. There shall be no payment for the right of entry. OWNER's obligation to
indemnify, defend and hold CITY harmless, as described in Section 15, shall be applicable to any acts or
omissions of OWNER, its contractors, subcontractors and agents, in connection with this right of entry.
Section 16. Indemnification and Waiver.
OWNER shall defend CITY, its officers, employees and officials, against any claims or actions
(including declaratory or injunctive relief) concerning OWNER's construction of The Improvements on
OWNER's property and shall indemnify and hold CITY harmless from any damages, charges, fees or
penalties that may be awarded or imposed against CITY and/or OWNER in connection with, or on
account of, OWNER's construction of The Improvements and/or CITY's failure to enforce or comply
with any applicable laws.
Section 17.
Credits.
CITY shall provide a credit to OWNER for dedication of any right-of-way needed for The
Improvements if such right-of-way is needed for improvements described in the Eastern Dublin Traffic
Impact Fee.
CITY shall provide a credit to OWNER for construction of the portion of The Improvements if
such improvements are described in the Eastern Dublin Traffic Impact Fee and if such improvements are
constructed in their ultimate location.
All aspects of the above credits shall be governed by the City's Administrative Guidelines. The
amount of the credits shall be identified in a Credit Agreement between the CITY and OWNER.
Section 18. Recitals.
The foregoing Recitals are true and correct and are made a part hereof.
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
S:\Grafton Street A11\11584 - Grafton Station Infrastructure\Bonds\Cityofdublin Imp AgreeRlforWT.DOC
Page 9 of 10
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement in duplicate at
Dublin, California, the day and year first above written.
CITY OF DUBLIN:
Date: 6-. (- 2.C>1:J)
Holding Company, LLC
By:
Janet Lockhart, 11ayor
Date:
ATTEST:
CTING C011P ANY
Date: #9
By:
City Clerk
Date:
~~:~d as to FO~1
/ ~-:7~.
~~., "--"".,_.,._,~"".
Martin W. Inderbitzen, Attorney for Lin Family
Approved as to Form:
Elizabeth H. Silver, City Attorney
IMPROVEMENT AGREEMENT
C:\Documents and Settings\Susanas.charter\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\OLK25 I \Imp Agree.DOC
Page 10 of 10