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HomeMy WebLinkAbout8.1 Attch 2 Exh B Amend Landscape & Open Space Guidelines JA 0 2 A14 DUBLIN PLANNING NIEESEN PROPERTY Landscape and Open Space Guidelines EXHIBIT B TO ATTACHMENT 2 r CONCEPT The Nielsen Property is designed as a distinct neighborhood that compliments its site and the surrounding context, topography and land uses. The overall landscape theme will continue and enhance the rural feel of the existing site and adjacent areas, encourage pedestrian access and mobility, and provide the project with design cohesiveness. BASIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES • Continue the character and plant palette of adjacent properties along Tassajara Road. • The entry to the Nielsen Property will provide a distinct character for the neighborhood. The design of the entry monuments and landscaping will foretell the image for the rest of the neighborhood. • The streetscape design for the Nielsen Property will provide a visual thread to tie the neighborhood together. Narrow streets, sidewalks, and canopy trees will provide a friendly and rural neighborhood character for the project. • The open space areas within the project will provide a smooth transition between the Nielsen Property development and its surrounding properties. Plantings and hydro-seeding on slopes that are graded will be used throughout the project. The neighborhood fencing and wall systems will be designed to blend with the project's theme, not be visually intrusive and will enhance the overall character of the project. • Management and maintenance of the open space and HOA common areas will be an integral component of the landscape system. r i PROJECT ENTRY AND STREETSCAPES ENTRY The entry to the Nielsen Property will provide a distinct character for the neighborhood. The design of the entry monuments and landscaping will foretell the theme for the rest of the project. • The entry will have six foot wide parkways on either side. Canopy trees will be placed in the parkways • Entry Columns designed to establish a first impression and complement the community walls within the Nielsen Property will be installed at the entrance of the Project Area. • Five-foot wide sidewalks will be provided on both sides of the street. • To the north west of the entry are the Silvera Ranch Water Quality basin and a small landscape parcel. The small landscape parcel will be landscaped accordingly to enhance the entry area. A 6 foot tall community wall shall be placed along the southern boundary to provide definition of the area and privacy to the adjacent lot. To the east of the entry is a landscape area contained in Lot 10. This area will allow for additional plantings to be provided at the entry and screen the adjacent lot. • Plant species will be selected to provide a clear definition of the entrance to the Nielsen Property and will provide visual interest to the entry. • Refer to the plant palette for suggested plant species and required plant sizes. b, p N Q�4 - G P 9 5 6' 14.0' 14.0' 6' 5' Sw LAND- TRAVEL LANE TRAVEL LANE LAND- S/W SCAPE SCAPE 50.0' ROW ROW i TASSAJARA ROAD Tassajara Road, a main arterial in the City of Dublin, has multiple residential projects lining it. The Nielsen Property will follow the ultimate Tassajara Road plan line established by the City of Dublin. The landscape character will blend with the surrounding properties. A 12 foot wide landscape and sidewalk area between the curb and the right-of- way will be included. • An 18 foot landscape easement behind the right-of-way will be provided. This area will allow the sidewalk and planting areas to meander. Retaining walls are allowed within this 18 foot landscape easement. • A six-foot wide sidewalk may meander through the the area between 6 and 14 feet from the face of curb and must be 4 feet from a retaining wall if needed. • The frontage of the Nielsen Property is designed to take up grade to reflect the existing terrain, and therefore could potentially have multiple walls. These walls, regardless of retaining or freestanding,will be designed in a consistent style that matches the theme and design established for the project. • There will be lush landscaping planted between the retaining walls, as well as in front of the walls, and shall be designed to reflect the character of the project. Shrubs and low plantings will contribute to the overall landscape design. Where the space is large enough between the walls,trees will be planted. • Half community retaining wall/half view fences will be provided along the property line of the lots that back onto Tassajara Road. If sound attenuation is required six foot tall community walls will be provided. • Refer to the plant palette for suggested plant species and required sizes. v� WA= ... nmmrrAOmxm ru"MVAM >� ]LW&, aAY6 TAAVPL 1e.W1AN 19AVN1. ]tAY&. 'MY®. erm IAIWICAea84�1r IAIL Id16 IAN! IAIW N116 LVOt I.ASID IANA » ALX IATIDAC1IDY18'BA�1r rAS[l1AYNBW FC aNRAUroYYP.VVO>BA AON' IIIY rAmAY9ae' -IX YMSRE Y]f8AWr W WAY WIILMMMIWQ d W MNUL W n01W2YM0= j YaIYA9AIAlAYNLaIa➢LYWH> COWaLCIIONOrhID ..w I I NEIGHBORHOOD STREETS Street A and Street B are the Neighborhood Streets within the Nielsen Property. They are designed to be narrow to enhance the rural neighborhood character and encourage slow vehicle speeds to create a livable and safe pedestrian environment. • A 4.5 foot monolithic sidewalk will be provided on both sides of Street A and Street B when there are houses fronting on both sides of the street.Where houses only abut one side of the street, a 4.5 foot monolithic sidewalk will be provided on that side of the street. • One street tree shall be provided in the front of each lot within the landscape easement. The street tree species will be the same canopy tree throughout the project. • Two street trees are required in each side yard landscape easement along the side street of corner lots. These trees shall be the same species as the trees along the front of the lots. • Where lots front onto Street A and Street B, an 8 foot landscape easement is provided from the back of walk. This 8 foot landscape easement allows for the maintenance of the street tree by the HOA. Where lots have side yards that abut Street A or Street B, a 5 foot landscape easement will be provided. A 5 foot or 8 foot public service easement will overlap the landscape easement. • Street trees should be coordinated with the utilities and street lights to provide a continuous canopy of trees. • Where side yards abut Street B, a minimum of 5 feet flat area is required between the back of sidewalk and the yard fence. Refer to the plant palette for suggested plant species and required sizes. OPEN SPACE i 4.5' 8.0' 10.0' 11' 0.5' SW PARKING TRAVEL TRAVEL CURE LANE LANE LANE 94' ROW ROW • 4.5' 8.0' 1 10.0' 1 10.0' 1 8.0' 4.5' SW PARKM TRAVEL TRAVEL PARSING 8W LANH LANE LANE LANE 45' ROW ROW r 1- 5' 4.5' sw F ,d rubvese,N;ce Fmer=t nil 5' 1 45' SW Easama! PudicServia Emma i Fence may be located —� T in M where lots aye down slope 8om walkway 5' 1 4S' t,ad SW Fa/ Publics SWAM Fasama i i OPEN SPACE AREAS The open space areas include the area along the east side of Street B (Parcel A); the east side of Street A and the area above Tassajara Road (Parcel B), and the Parcel containing the cell tower (Parcel C) Open Space areas will retain existing grades where practical. • Peripheral hillside areas that are graded shall be hydro seeded with native and other drought tolerant grasses and wildflowers. Typically, areas closer to the neighborhood streets and Tassajara Road shall be planted with groundcover, shrubs and trees; in cases where the entire area behind the curb is natural looking,no ornamental planting would be required. • Open Space areas will transition to the surrounding properties to provide a harmonious character for the area through the use of grading and plant material. • The Nielsen Property will adhere to the wildfire management plan on areas that abut to certain Open Space areas. WATER QUALITY ELEMENT The current proposal allows the first flush water from the Nielsen Property to be treated in the Silvera Ranch water quality basin. Other flows from the Project and Silvera Ranch would then bypass the basin and be treated by a separator unit before connecting to the City's storm drain system. If it is determined a separate water quality system is needed for the Project, a new water quality basin will be located at the site of Lot 1, at the northwest corner of the property. • Appropriate landscaping will be integrated to enhance the project entry. • Refer to the plant palette for suggested plant species and required sizes. • If retaining walls are needed for the water quality element and are within public view,they will be attractive and support the theme of the project. FENCING AND WALLS The fencing and walls throughout the Nielsen Property will define entries and properties, provide security, and shall be aesthetically pleasing. Fencing should not visually dominate the neighborhood, especially on hillsides. All wall and fencing designs will be finalized at Site Development Review. As long as these designs are consistent with the following guidelines, the Community Development Director can make discretionary approval of any future refinements. Refer to the Conceptual Wall and Fence Plan for the locations of wall and fencing types. COMMUNITY WALL Location: The Community Wall is used to define and set the character at significant locations within the Project. The Community Wall is used along portions of Tassajara Road, certain other project boundaries, as well as at the project entry. The Community Wall takes many forms in that it may be retaining or free standing and the height varies. Regardless, these different wall forms shall match in design appearance, materials, and color. Overall Design: • Wall will be of a high quality and good design. • Wall will be of precast or masonry. • Columns should be provided at approximately 26 feet on center as is structurally appropriate. • The wall and columns will have an ornamental cap. • Columns should be located at the toe of slope or at retaining wall locations where grade changes occur between lots. Column and wall heights may increase as necessary at grade changes to maintain a constant top of wall elevation between columns. • Where no grade changes occur,columns will be placed at property lines. • Columns will be placed at the terminus and at major directional changes in the wall. Overall Style: Dynamic Precast Layered Stone, other precast or masonry unit with cast stone veneer,or equivalent. Overall Color: The color of the walls and columns will be light earth tones. Retaining Wall Condition Location: Along Tassajara Road and at the project entry. Design: • Retaining walls should not exceed nominally 6 feet in height. However,as noted previously, column and wall heights may increase as necessary at grade changes to maintain a constant top of wall elevation between columns, as approved by the Planning Commission. • If more than one wall is utilized, a minimum of 5 feet of planter area between walls will be provided. (Example on Page 10) Freestanding Condition Location: In cases where no retention is needed, along portions of Tassajara Road for aesthetic or sound attenuation needs, or along the boundaries of the project entry, a free standing wall will be placed to continue the appearance of a continuous wall and/or provide enclosure. Design: • Wall will be 6 feet tall. Community WaillView Fence Condition Location: Where lots back onto Tassajara Road and lots abut the Silvera Ranch Project. This design allows for providing views from the homes into the Valley and limits the sense of a walled community. Design: • Utilize the Community Wall/View Fence;however, the wall portion shall match the design and appearance of the Community Wall used in other conditions in this section, and the view fence portion shall match the design and appearance of the View Fence used in other conditions in this section. • This wall may be free standing or be retaining. The "wall" portion of this element may vary,but will be a minimum of 4 feet in height. • The total wall/fence height is 6 feet,unless retaining is incorporated into the wall segment and /or the height grows to maintain a constant top of wall/fence elevation between columns or posts.If the wall is retaining the view fence should be a minimum of 4' tall. Overall Shjle: • Dynamic Precast Layered Stone, other precast or masonry unit with cast stone veneer,or equivalent. • Wrought Iron Color: • Masonry:Light earth tones. • View Fence: Black. ENTRY PILASTERS Location: There will be entry pilasters at the entrance to the Nielsen Property along Street A. Design: The entry pilasters will match the Community Wall in design and materials. • The entry pilasters will be 8 feet tall. • An ornamental cap will be used. • Project signage may be incorporated into the pilasters. Color: • The entry pilasters will match the Community Wall's color. WATER QUALITY FEATURE WALLS Location: Retaining walls that may be contained within the water quality feature. Design: • The wall(s)will be a maximum of 6 feet high. • Standard Retaining Wall or equal may be used. • If there are multiple walls, there will be a minimum of 3 feet between them for landscaping. RETAINING WALLS ENHANCED RETAINING WALL Location: The Enhanced Retaining Wall is used within front and side yard areas of lots and within common HOA open space areas that are located along the streets such as on the east side of Street A and Street B and are publically visible. Design: • 6 foot tall maximum in open space areas and 4 foot tall maximum in lots. • An ornamental cap shall be provided. • A minimum of 5 feet will be provided between enhanced retaining walls to allow for landscaping in open space areas and 3 feet within lots. Style: • Will match in style and design to the Community Wall. Color: • The color of the walls will match the Community Wall. STANDARD RETAINING WALL Location: The Standard Retaining Wall will be used when walls are not visible to the public, such as when retaining walls are required to address grade change differences on individual lots outside of the front yard. Design • 4 foot height maximum. • A minimum of 3 feet will be provided between retaining walls if more than one wall is used. Style: • Dynamic Precast Block Pattern wall,masonry unit,or equivalent. Color: • The color of the walls will complement other walls used in the Project. RETAINING WALL PLACEMENT CRITERIA FRONT YARD • Front yard retaining walls shall be placed at or behind the Landscape Easement and Public Service Easement. • Front yard retaining walls shall be placed a minimum of 3 feet off of the house. • The front yard retaining walls should be a maximum of 2 feet high. 7 3'MW �Clow 'ghbaFa= I 1 4'Mzc Si&Yad 1 Wall 1 1 1 1 � 1 1 I � 1 XJ 1 I 5'PSE l 1 1 S' 1 Front yard onlenced mWnm8 wall REAR AND SIDE YARDS • Side and rear yard retaining walls that are 2 feet or less in height shall be located on the property line. • Side and rear yard retaining walls that are greater than 2 feet shall be placed a minimum of 3 feet off of the property line and allow for a maximum 2:1 slope from the property line to the wall. • Where there are two or more walls, the walls shall be placed at a minimum of 3 feet apart for landscaping between the walls. • When rear or side yard walls are 4' and greater and have a large slope behind them,an access staricase shall be provided. Farce Fer=onProperty Line S& 27 Side Side 211 S Yazd Yazd 2'MazcReMvung Wall WaIl 5 5 5' 3' 3' Ivfin Mm Afu► Mut Mm i i Fence Landscape Slope Area Step(ryp) Retuning Wall Beyond Side Yard GOOD NEIGHBOR FENCE Location: The good neighbor fence occurs between lots, on property lines, and on side yards of corner lots where privacy is desired. Design: • A minimum of 5 feet should be provided behind the front facade before this wall occurs. • The fence will be a total of 8 feet tall and constructed of vertical boards. • The fence may be enhanced at the top with 2 feet of framed wood lattice or a similar design capable of admitting not less than 50% light. Solid inserts including plexiglass are not permitted. • Wood posts will be a maximum of 8 feet on center. Good Neighbor Fence Good Neighbor Fence With 24"Open Panel i Q U L'r N W s. O z b O O p p p p • On corner lots, the neighborhood fence shall overlap a maximum of 25% of the side house length.View fences may be added to extend the fenced area along the side of the home,but can extend no closer than 5' from the front facade. 1 1/4XMAX X Where layout of house on comer lot creates a large sideyard side maybe endosedwitha viewfence. oo � I. 1 1 /4XMAX LATTICE FENCE X VIEW FENCE Location: View fences may be used where views are desired to be preserved and to limit the impact of solid fencing on visible hillside areas, on rear and side property lines of lots, and where lots back onto open space or school uses. The majority of the side yard View Fences will end where the house "begins"—at this point, the Good Neighbor Fence may occur. Design: • The View Fence will be an ornamental metal fence. • 6 feet tall. • Posts will be 8 feet on center and pickets will be spaced at a 4 inches maximum. Color: • Matte black Overall Style: • Wrought Iron w U W W i i HERITAGE TREE There is one tree on the Nielsen Property that is a Heritage Tree as defined by the City of Dublin Municipal Code.This tree is a Cork Oak(Quercus suber).Three trees of the same species or a different oak species will be planted as mitigation of the removal of the Cork Oak tree. The replacement trees will be planted in either the landscape parcels,the open space parcel, or along Tassajara Road. The replacement trees will be a minimum of 36" box size. LIGHTING The City of Dublin standard Cobra light fixtures and posts will be used, as well as the city standards for placement and design of the street lighting. UTILITIES • Above ground joint trench utility boxes should be kept away from the entry, primary views and intersections as practical. Where the utility boxes occur, they should be located behind the walk and in the landscape parcels to minimize their appearance from the street. • Utility boxes will be screened with landscaping as allowed by the utility companies. • Underground facilities should be used where practical. • Where above ground utility boxes, lights, hydrants, and other related items are placed and require a retaining wall to fit along a sloping street, the wall style will be the Enhanced Retaining Wall style described earlier. • Utilities should be grouped and combined with yard retaining walls to avoid multiple retaining walls and to limit clutter. • Air conditioning units are not permitted in front yards and should maintain a minimum 36" clear passage. i I i ,l b PUBLICALLY VISIBLE LOTS Because of the hillside nature of the existing land, the Nielsen Property site plan has been designed to account for the grade. To allow for the optimal use of the land, as well as work with split pad home designs, the slope below the unit has been included into the lot in some cases. To ensure that these visible down sloping lots (Lots 10-16) are permanently and attractively landscaped and maintained,the following guidelines shall apply: • The back and/or side yards comprising the down sloping lot will be landscaped and automatically irrigated prior to receiving a permit of occupancy. • If the homeowner wishes to change their down sloping yard landscaping, they must follow these guidelines,the SDR,approved landscape plans,as well as any additional guidelines laid out by the CC&R's of the neighborhood. • Refer to the Site Development Criteria for where accessory structures may not be built on the lots. • The CC&R's of the neighborhood will be written to allow the HOA the ability to maintain the publically visible down sloping yard areas if they are not maintained correctly and become unsightly or a hazard. The homeowner will be charged for this work by the HOA. MAINTENANCE RESPONSIBILITIES Four entities will have responsibilities for the maintenance of the landscape within the Nielsen Property Development: 1. The City of Dublin 2. The Homeowners Association(HOA) 3. The individual homeowner The City is responsible for the maintanance of all streets as well as the sidewalk within the right of way on Tassajara Road. i The HOA is responsible for the Tassajara Road landscaping elements, entry feature landscaping within the parkways, the median and the entry features, all project interior sidewalks, open space areas including communication facilities lands, and a water quality feature if provided on site. The HOA is responsible for the maintenance and replacement of the street trees within the 5-8 foot Landscape Easement. The HOA is responsible for any walls and fences that are within their parcels. HOA may also maintain the hillside slope, landscape, and irrigation of Lots 10-16 if the homeowner does not adequately maintain these areas. Any maintenance required that is not related to landscape maintenance on the properties containing the communication facilities shall be maintained by HN Enterprises or future owner. The individual homeowner is responsible for maintaining all landscaping and irrigation on their property including all fences and walls. Private driveways will be owned and maintained by the individual homeowners with a shared access easement. If a street tree is removed due to disease it must be replaced in a timely manner. This street tree shall be of the same species as the existing street trees and of the same size as approved in the approved landscape plans. The street tree will be located in the same position as originally planted. Refer to the Open Space Ownership and Maintenance Map for further detail. SUGGESTED PLANT PALETTE Plant material should be selected with the character of the site in mind. This plant palette is provided as a suggestion and can be updated at the time of the Site Development Review to fit with the proposed theme and character of the property. Drought tolerant plants should be used when possible.Trees and plants that are tolerant of reclaimed water should be utilized if reclaimed water is used. OPEN SPACE TREES Minimum 24"box 30% of all trees on the site must be a 36"box or larger. Botanical Name Common Name Acer macrophyllum Bigleaf Maple D Aesculus californica California Buckeye Platanus racemosa'multi trunk' California Sycamore D Quercus agrifolia Coast Live Oak D Quercus kelloggi California Black Oak D Quercus lobata Valley Oak i D Quercus suber Cork Oak Umberllularia californica California Bay STREET TREES Minimum 24"box 30% of all trees on the site must be a 36"box or larger. Per the City's Streetscape Master Plan, species to be planted along Tassajara Road are noted below. Botanical Name Common Name Acer buergeranum Trident Maple Acer rubrum Armstrong Maple •Celtis sinensis Chinese Hackberry •Celtis occidentalis Western Hackberry Fraxinus oxycarpa'Raywood' Raywood Ash D Koelreuteria paniculata Goldenrain Tree Laurus nobilis'Saratoga Grecian Laurel Liquidambar s.Rotundaloba American Sweet Gum Tassajara Street Tree D Pistachia chinensis Chinese Pistache Platanus racemosa'multi trunk' California Sycamore Pyrus calleryanna'Aristocrat' Flowering Pear Tassajara Street Tree Pyrus kawakamii Evergreen Pear D Quercus agrifolia Coast Live Oak Tassajara Street Tree Ulnus parvifolia Chinese Elm i ACCENT TREES Minimum 24"box 30% of all trees on the site must be a 36"box or larger. Botanical Name Common Name Cercis occidentialis Western Redbud Citrus Citrus Lagerstroemia indica Crape Myrtle Melaluca linariifolia Flaxleaf paperbark D Olea europaea Fruitless Olive Tree Pyrus calleryana Ornamental Pear Pyrus cerasifera Flowering Plum Sapium sebiferum Chinese tallow tree OPEN SPACE SHRUBS Minimum 5 gallon Botanical Name Common Name •Arctostaphylos species Manzanita •Ceanothus species California Lilac *Clarkia bottae Snowy Clarkia *Deschampia c.holciformis Dwarf Hairgrass *Eschscholzia californica California Poppy D Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon Lepechinia calycina Pitcher Sage *Lupinus n.vr.Nanus Sky Lupine *Melica californica California Onion Grass Mimulus longiflorus Monkey Flower *Nasella pulchra Purple Needle Grass *Nasella cerbna Nooding Needle Grass D Rhamnus california Coffeeberry Rhamnus crocea Buckthorn Rosa California California Wild Rose D*Salvia leucophylla Purple Sage Sambucus Mexicana Blue Elderberry Symphoricarpus albus Snowberry Native grass seed mix *Denotes a native species.Additional native species may be included as approved by the Planning Commision during the SDR. D Suggested drought tolerant species are denoted by a small D. SHRUBS Minimum 5 gallon Botanical Name Common Name Abutilon x'Moned' Red Flowering Maple Agapanthus africanus Liy of the Nile D*Arctostaphylos species Manzanita Aucuba japonica'Variegata' Gold Dust Plant *Berberis species Japanese Barberry Buxus microphylla var.japoni Japanese Boxwood Camellia japonica Camellia D*Ceanothus species California Lilac D Cercis Occidentalis Western Redbud D*CistUS species Rockrose D*Coprosma repens Mirror Plant Coreopsis spp. Coreopsis *Correa pulchea Australian Fuchsia Dietes bicolor Fortnight Lily D*Echium fastuosum Pride of Madeira Euonymus fortunei Euonymus *Erigonum fasciculatum California Buckwheat Escallonia Escallonia Fejoa sellowiana Pineapple Guava Hemerocallis hybrids Daylily D Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon Heuchera maxima Coral Bells Hibiscus syriacus Rose of Sharon Iris douglasiona Pacific Coast Iris Kniphofia uvaria Red Hot Poker •Lagerstroemeria hybrids Dwarf Crape Myrtle •Lavandula angustifolia Lavender •*Lantana camara Lantana Limomium perezil Statice D*Mahonia species Mahonia Myrica californica Wax Myrtle Nandina domestica Heavenly Bamboo Nasella pulchra Purple Needle Grass Pelargonium pelatum Ivy Geranium Penstemon species Penstemon Phormium tenax New Zealand Flax D Prunus caroliniana Carolina Laurel Cherry D Prunus ilicifolia Holly Leaf Cherry D Prunus lyonii Catalina Cherry D Rhamanus california Coffeeberry Rhaphiolepsis indica Indian Hawthorn *Ribes species Current D Rosa california California Rose •*Rosa species Rose •*Rosmarinus species Rosemary •*Salvia species Sage Santolina chamaecyparissus Lavender Cotton *Symphoricarpos species Snowberry Tulbahjia violacea Society Garlic Viburnum tinus Viburnum Verbena species Verbena *Denotes a native species.Additional native species may be included as approved by the Planning Commision during the SDR. D Suggested drought tolerant species are denoted by a small D. GROUND COVERS AND VINES* Minimum 1 gallon ground covers (must achieve 100% coverage within 3 years) Minimum 5 gallon for vines Botanical Name Common Name D Acacia redolens Acacia D Achillea species Yarrow D Coprosma kirkii Co p rosma D*Cotoneaster horizontalis Rock Cotoneaster D*Cotoneaster s.'repens' Willowleaf Cotoneaster Festuca longifolia Hard Fescue Erigeron karvinkianus Santa Barbara Daisy Festuca californica California Fescue Festuca ruba creeping Red Fescue Helianthemum nummularium Sunrose D*Hypericum calycinum St.John's Wort Jasminum species Jasmine *Juniperus species Juniper D*Lantana species Lantana *Mahonia Repens Creeping Mahonia D Myoporum parvifolium prostrate Myoporum Oenothera speciosa childsii Mexican Evening Primrose Osteospermum fruticosum African Daisy •Rosa'Carpet Rose' Carpet Rose •*Rosa Rugosa Japanese Rose •*Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Solanum jasminoides Potato Vine Trachelospermum asiaticum Asiatic Jasmine *Trachelospermum jaminoides Star Jasmine *Vinca major Periwinkle Wisteria species Wisteria *Suggested erosion controlling plants for down sloping lots are denoted by an asterisk. D Suggested drought tolerant species are denoted by a small D. i