HomeMy WebLinkAboutItem 8.3 Climate Protection Project
CITY CLERK
File # D~~[Q]-~~
AGENDA STATEMENT
CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: July 17,2007
SUBJECT:
Participation in the Climate Protection Project for Alameda County
Jurisdictions
Report Prepared by Roger Bradley, Administrative Analyst
ATTACHMENTS:
1.
Resolution Approving Participation in the Climate Protection
Project for Alameda County Jurisdictions.
Budget Change Form.
Climate Action Plan Template.
2.
3.
RECOMMENDATION: A ^ ~taff recommends that the City Council: 1) Review and discnss
/(/.)JJJf ?articipation in the Climate Protection Project for Alameda County
jurisdictions; 2) If participation is desired, adopt the resolution
l approving the City's participation in the project; 3) Approve the
budget change in the amount of$II,500; 4) Designate a City
Councilmember to participate in the program; or 5) Provide Staff
with other direction.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT: Costs for participating in the project include a $10,000 contribution,
which Stopwaste.org has indicated may be paid using the City's Waste Import Mitigation funds, and an
annual $1,500 membership fee to join the International Council of Local Environmental Initiatives
(ICLEI), which must be paid with other funds. Although this is a Stopwaste.org sponsored project, no
funds have been set aside by the organization to assist with the cost of the City's participation. All cities
that are participants have paid the project contribution out of their Import Mitigation Funds. Stopwaste.org
has indicated that membership with ICLEI is required to ensure that all cities receive any needed program
assistance over the life ofthe project, which includes access to software programs, technical assistance,
etc.
DESCRIPTION: Global warming and climate protection have recently received
significant media attention in news reports, articles, and film. While unanimous agreement on the cause of
these changes has not been reached, many scientific leaders have concluded that human activity is directly
contributing to the changes. In an effort to improve environmental practices, Stopwaste.org has partnered
COPY TO:
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ITEM NO...&J-
F:\Council\Agenda Statements\as-ICLEI.doc
with ICLEI and initiated an effort to understand, quantify and reduce the activities that may contribute to
the release of green house gases within Alameda County. The specific focus has been placed upon local
governments with the goal of analyzing each city's carbon emissions. This analysis would include the
development of a Local Climate Action Plan for the City. This would represent the City's blueprint for
local climate protection - the set of policies and programs that the City can implement in order to achieve
a chosen emissions reduction target. Simply, participating jurisdictions will be engaged in an effort to
reduce emissions, improve air quality, and reduce waste.
Climate Protection Project for Alameda County Jurisdictions
ICLEI initiated its program to help cities reduce emissions in the summer of 2006. Data collected from
local agencies is used to determine the amount of emissions generated within a city and their associated
sources. Based on this inventory, cities can then decide what, if any, changes to make to reduce emissions
in the future. This inventory includes the following:
. A baseline emission inventory and forecast of each jurisdiction's internal operations and
community activities.
. Assistance in developing an emissions reduction target for each jurisdiction.
. A survey of existing policies and programs being implemented by Alameda County local
governments that serves to reduce emissions and save energy.
. A template Local Climate Action Plan, including common text and potential emissions reduction
measures that can be used by each jurisdiction as a starting point for developing their individual
local action plan.
. Individual assistance and information sharing with each jurisdiction, as well as overseeing
coordination between jurisdictions.
To participate in this project, Stopwaste.org and ICLEI request that an elected official be designated as a
point of contact. The City Manager would also appoint a Staff Liaison to be the primary point of contact
and to act as project coordinator. The elected official will be invited to attend periodic events, to include
workshops, and will be kept informed about the program process and developments. Finally, an estimated
40 hours of staff time will be needed to complete the project deliverables which include:
. The development of a carbon emission inventory as outlined above.
. Participation in workshops on the inventory/action plan process.
. A customized Local Climate Action Plan development for use and implementation by the City.
Staffhas discussed the estimated stafftime necessary to complete the project with cities that have
completed their inventories and found that some cities exceeded this time. None of the cities contacted
indicated that they were fully aware of how much time was actually needed to complete the initial
inventory. The problem was measuring how much each city department participated in the project. In
general, the consensus among the cities was that the actual time commitment was not unreasonably
beyond the 40 hour estimate, but the total time commitment required depends completely upon the data
required and how easy it is to access.
Since project inception, several cities throughout the County have begun their inventories and
participation in the project. To date, all cities within Alameda County, with the exception of Dublin and
Livermore, have chosen to participate. The City of Livermore will also be considering participation in the
near future.
It is important to note that the City has the discretion to determine which elements of the action plan to
implement. When the action plan has been drafted, staff will return to Council for further direction.
. Page 2 of3
,
RECOMMENDATION: Staff recommends that the City Council: 1) Review and discuss
participation in the Climate Protection Project for Alameda County jurisdictions; 2) If participation is
desired, adopt the resolution approving the City's participation in the project; 3) Approve the budget
change in the amount of$II,500; 4) Designate a City Councilmember to participate in the program; or 5)
Provide Staff with other direction.
Page 3 of3
RESOLUTION NO. - 2007
)~51
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL
OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN
*********
APPROVING PARTICIPATION IN THE CLIMATE PROTECTION PROJECT FOR
ALAMEDA COUNTY JURISDICTIONS
WHEREAS, local government actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to increase
energy efficiency provide multiple local benefits; and
WHEREAS, partnerships with surrounding communities and agencies can have a positive impact
on the environment; and
WHEREAS, Stopwaste.org is allowing Alameda County jurisdictions to use funding from their
Waste Mitigation Fund to pay for the development of greenhouse gas emissions inventories and Local
Climate Action Plans as part ofthe Climate Protection Project for Alameda County jurisdictions; and
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Dublin does
hereby approve participation in the Climate Protection Project for Alameda County jurisdictions.
BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the City of Dublin will allow ICLEI to conduct an
environmental project that will include:
1. A local emission's inventory and forecast to determine the source and quantity of emissions in the
jurisdiction.
2. The establishment of an emissions reduction target.
3. An action plan with both existing and future actions capable of meeting the local emissions reduction
target.
4. The consideration of the implementation of appropriate and achievable components of the action plan.
5. The consideration of monitoring and reporting progress upon implementation.
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 1 ih day of July, 2007.
AYES:
NOES:
ABSENT:
ABSTAIN:
Mayor
ATTEST:
City Clerk
~-:u=Q.3 lJll/01 M1"~
A TTACHMENT I V
CITY OF DUBLIN
BUDGET CHANGE FORM
~ ~53
CHANGE FORM #:
New Appropriations (City Council Approval Required):
X From Unappropriated Reserves Fund #
From New Revenues
Budget Transfers:
From Budgeted Contingent Reserve (1080-799.000)
Within Same Department Activity
Between Departments (City Council Approval Required)
Other
. .~}'~OuNT.
Name: Name: ICLEI Inventory
Account: Account: 224.50200.740.000
Name: Name: ICLEI Membership
Account: Account: 001.50200.740.000
Name: Name:
Account: Account:
Name: Name:
Account: Account:
Name: Name:
Account: Account:
Name: Name:
Account: Account:
Name: Name:
Account: Account:
Total Total
$10,000
$1,500
$11,500
Reason for Budget Change: This budget change is being submitted to pay for the City's participation in the Climate Protection
Project for Alameda County jurisdictions and for ICLEI membership as required for project participation.
Fin Mgr / ASD:
Signature
Date:
City Manager:
Date:
Signature
Mayor:
Date:
Signature
Posted By:
Date:
Signature
F:\Council\Budget Change Form\budget change form-ICLEI.xls
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ATT ACHMENT 2
-3 ~53
[City/Town/County} of [Jurisdiction}
Climate Action Plan
[Month Year}
Note to user: This Climate Action Plan template is intended to assist you
with the development of your own local Climate Action
Plan. Please feel free to modify and use as much or as little
of this document as you wish.
ATTACHMENT 3
Letter from the Mayor
[A letter from the Mayor/Supervisor can help to demonstrate leadership and set the tone for the
Climate Action Plan's implementation.}
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
Lf 9;f ~~
2
Acknowledgements
[Acknowledge all those who contributed to the development of the document. Highlight the
principal author so all readers know whom to contact for further information, as well as all
members of the team or working group that collaborated to produce the document. Include
names, titles and departments. Also thank any other contributors to the document here.)
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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3
G ~ 5;3
[City/Town/County} of [Jurisdiction} Climate Action Plan
Table of Contents
Background: The Alameda County Climate Protection Project
Executive Summary
I. Introduction
A. Introduction to Climate Change Science
B. Effects & Impacts of Climate Change
C. Action Being Taken on Climate Change
II. Emissions Inventory
A. Reasoning, Methodology & Model
1. Software
2. Inventory Sources and Data Collection Process
B. Inventory Results
1. Community Scale Emissions Inventory
2. Municipal Operations Emissions Inventory
III. Forecast for Greenhouse Gas Emissions
IV. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target
V. Existing Measures & Policies
A. Community-Scale Measures
B. Municipal Operations Measures
C. Summary of Existing Emissions Reduction Measures
VI. Proposed Measures & Policies
1. Transportation and Land Use
2. Energy Efficiency
3. Renewable Energy
4. Solid Waste Management
Green Building: Combining Measures to Achieve Additional Reductions
5. Summary of Proposed Emissions Reduction Measures
VII. Measures Implemented External to Jurisdiction
VIII. Conclusion
IX. Guide for Future Steps
Appendix A - Data Summary Reports for the Municipal Inventory
Appendix B - List of Proposed GHG Emission Reduction Measures
Appendix C - ABAG's Smart Growth Check List
Appendix D-- Assumptions and Calculations
Appendix E-- Summary of StopWaste.org Program Analysis
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
4
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Background: The Alameda County Climate Protection Project
In June 2006 eleven local governments in Alameda County, CA committed to becoming members
of ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) and participating in the Alameda
County Climate Protection Project (ACCPP). The participating jurisdictions include:
Alameda Berkeley Newark San Leandro
Alameda County Emeryville Oakland Union City
Albany Hayward Piedmont
The project was launched by ICLEI in partnership with the Alameda County Waste Management
Authority & Recycling Board (StopWaste.Org) and the Alameda County Conference of Mayors.
In committing to the project, the jurisdictions embarked on an ongoing, coordinated effort to
reduce the emissions that cause global warming, improve air quality, reduce waste, cut energy use
and save money. Toward that end, ICLEI and StopWaste.Org assisted each participating
jurisdiction to conduct a baseline greenhouse gas emissions inventory, set a community-wide
emissions reduction target, and develop a climate action plan that consists of polices and
measures that, when implemented, will enable each jurisdiction to meet its target.
This document is a "template" climate action plan for use by the 11 participating local
governments to create tailored climate action plans for their communities. Its purpose is to save
participants' time and resources by providing a useful action plan format, background
information on the science and impacts of global warming, and detailed suggestions on the types
of policies that municipalities can implement to achieve the desired emissions reductions. In
developing this resource, ICLEI relied on the expertise of StopWaste.Org staff as well as the
experiences of the nationwide network of ICLEI member cities, each of which is working toward
similar climate protection goals.
About Alameda County, California
Alameda County is a metropolitan region of the San Francisco Bay Area. The 2005 census
estimates the County's population at 1.45 million, the 7th most populous county in the State of
California. Like other metropolitan areas, inhabitants of the county and the cities therein
contribute to the problem of global warming, while also holding immense potential to contribute
to the solution. The energy consumed and the waste produced within the county's boundaries
result in thousands of tons of heat-trapping greenhouse gas emissions. But, as is evidenced by the
widespread municipal involvement in the Alameda County Climate Protection Project, the local
government participants are firmly committed to building on existing efforts to reduce the
emissions that cause global warming.
Regional governments and nations across the world can only manage what they measure. The
first step in managing greenhouse gas emissions, therefore, is to establish an inventory of those
emissions. Below is a chart of global greenhouse gas emissions, which includes the amount of
short tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tons COze) that is generated worldwide, within the
United States, the State of California, and in Alameda County. For context, California is the 16th
largest emitter in the world - if it were considered a country of its own - second only to Texas in
the US. Per capita emissions in California, however, are among the lowest in the US. Further,
emissions in Alameda are significantly less than the California average.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
5
Locations
Table (1). World Greenhouse Gas Emissions Scenarios
World (2000)
United States (2000)
California (2004)
ACCPP Region
(2005) I,Z,3
ACCPP
Governments (2005)
Source: (2000) World and United States emissions from World Resources Institute - Climate Analysis
Indicators tool (htto://cait.wri.org/). (2004) California emissions from California Energy Commission
(htto:/ /www.energv.ca. gov /2006oublications/CEC-600- 2006-0 13/CEC-600- 2006-0 13-SF .PD F). Figures
exclude land use related emissions.
GHG - Short tons
of COze per year
33,712,900,000
6,871,700,000
542,184,000
5,710,393
80,532
Percent of
World GHG
Emissions
Percent of
U.S.A
Emissions
Percent of
California
Emissions
100.0%
20.4%
1.6%
100%
7.9%
0.083%
100.0%
1.105%
0.015%
Note: All units in this report are reported in short tones (tons). When source data is found in
metric tones (MT or tonnes) to convert it into short tones (tones) a conversion factor of 1.102
short ton per metric ton is applied.
Fast Facts
2000 Worldwide per capita GHG emissions (tons COze) 5 short tons COze
2004 US per capita GHG emissions (tons COze) 23 short tons COze
2004 California per capita GHG emissions (tons COze) 17 tons COze
Additional source: 2004, U.S.A. GHG Emissions from EP A
(http://www .eoa. gOV / climate change/ emissions/ downloads06/06ES. odD
Alameda Countv Fast Facts
Population (2005):
Number of Autos (2000):
Annual Electricity Usage per Capita (2004):
Annual Natural Gas Usage per Capita (2004):
Annual Water Usage per Capita (2004):
Avg. Waste per person (2004):
Avg. Waste per Business (2004):
Avg. Waste Diversion Rate (2004):
Per capita GHG emissions4
1.45 Million
4.5 Million
6,738 kWh
330 therms
46,000 gallons
1.03 tons
35.0 tons
60%
5.86 tons COze
1 Data includes the 10 cities in the ACCPP only (Alameda City, Albany, Berkeley, Emeryville, Hayward,
Newark, Oakland, Piedmont, San Leandro and Union City).
z The Baseline year is 2005 for all cities, except for Albany and Emeryville which inventoried 2004
ermSSlOns.
3 GHG emissions for ACCPP cities are based on ICLEI GHG Emissions Protocol for Local Governments,
which includes end use energy, transportation and waste sector within city boundaries. World and U.S.A
emissions are based on national GHG inventories which additionally include fugitive emissions, industrial
process emissions, and other modes of transportation.
4 Based on the emissions inventories conducted for the 11 participating local governments.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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6
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Source: StopWaste.org
About the Sponsor: StopWaste.Org
This Alameda County Climate Protection Project was financially sponsored by StopWaste.Org in
an effort to support its member agencies in building a region that is continually progressing
toward environmentally and economically sound resource management. StopWaste.Org is a
public agency formed in 1976 by a Joint Exercise of Powers Agreement among the County of
Alameda, each of the fourteen cities within the county, and two sanitary districts. The agency
serves as the Alameda County Waste Management Authority and the Alameda County Source
Reduction and Recycling Board. In this dual role StopWaste.Org is responsible for the
preparation and implementation of the County Integrated Waste Management Plan and
Hazardous Waste Management Plan as well as the delivery of voter approved programs in the
areas of waste reduction, recycled product procurement, market development and grants to non-
profit organizations, to help the County achieve its 75% waste diversion goal.
Key program areas in which StopWaste.Org provides technical and financial assistance to its
member agencies include:
~ Business recycling and waste prevention services through the StopWaste Partnership
~ . Organics programs, including residential and commercial food waste collection and the
promotion of Bay-Friendly Landscaping and gardening
~ Green building and construction and demolition debris recycling
~ Market development
~ Education and outreach, including schools recycling.
As is demonstrated in this document, many of StopWaste.Org's program areas dovetail nicely
with municipal efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While the agency's charge to reduce
the waste stream in Alameda County may seem external to traditional emissions reduction
strategies, it is working closely with ICLEI in an ongoing way to illustrate the emissions benefits
of waste reduction and recycling. Indeed, StopWaste.Org and ICLEI have compiled results in
this report that show practices such as residential and commercial recycling and composting,
buying recycled products, green building and Bay-Friendly Landscaping play an important role in
a local government's emission mitigation strategy. In fact, climate change mitigation can be seen
as an umbrella under which the agency's programs playa substantial role.
About ICLEI and the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign
the global environ~enttltl'o.ugh local action. The Cities for Climate
is ICLEI's flagship campaign designed to educate and empower
0. take action on climate change. ICLEI provides resources, tools,
local government~measure and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
internal municipal qpera,tions.
ICLEI's CCP campaign was launched in 1993 when municipal leaders, invited by ICLEI, met at
the United Nations in New York and adopted a declaration that called for the establishment of a
worldwide movement of local governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air
quality, and enhance urban sustainability. The CCP campaign achieves these results by linking
climate change mitigation with actions that improve local air quality, reduce local government
operating costs, and improve quality of life by addressing other local concerns. The CCP
campaign seeks to achieve significant reductions in US. greenhouse gas emissions by assisting
local governments in taking action to reduce emissions and realize multiple benefits for their
communities.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
7
ICLEI uses the performance-oriented framework and methodology of the CCP campaign's 5-
Milestones to assist U.S. local governments in developing and implementing harmonized local
approaches for reducing global warming and air pollution emissions, with the additional benefit
of improving community livability. The milestone process consists of:
. Milestone 1: Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and forecast
· Milestone 2: Adopt an emissions reduction target
. Milestone 3: Develop a Climate Action Plan for reducing emissions
· Milestone 4: Implement policies and measures
· Milestone 5: Monitor and verifY results
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
j 0 1~>3
8
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Executive Summary
The debate is over. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that human-induced climate
change is among the most pressing environmental and social problems facing this generation and
those to come.
The time to act is now. Never in the past 1000 years has the planet warmed at a faster rate than
during the 20th century, and the most recent decade has been the warmest ever on record.
Allowing this trend to continue could result in decreased agricultural output, increased
catastrophic weather events such as forest fires, drought and floods and displacement of entire
populations due to rising sea levels.
[Jurisdiction} must do its part. Although the United States accounts for a mere 4% of the
world's population, it produces 2004 according to Table No. 1 on page 6 of the world's
greenhouse gases. [Jurisdiction} released XXX tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (COze) in
[baseline year} and, if steps are not taken to achieve reductions, is projected to emitXX% more in
[forecast year). {Jurisdiction's} total community-wide greenhouse gas emissions in its baseline
year are equivalent to the emissions generated by XX number of passenger vehicles. However,
on [date resolution to join ICLEI was passed}, [Jurisdiction] pledged to take action against this
destructive trend by passing a resolution to join more than 230 U.S. local governments and 770
local governments worldwide in ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection@ (CCP) campaign. In so
doing, {Jurisdiction} committed to ICLEI's 5-Mi1estone methodology for combating global
warmmg:
Milestone 1: Conduct a baseline emissions inventory and forecast
Milestone 2: Adopt an emissions reduction target
Milestone 3: Develop a Climate Action Plan for reducing emissions
Milestone 4: Implement policies and measures
Milestone 5: Monitor and verify results
The [City/Town/County} of [Jurisdiction} is committed to reducing community-wide greenhouse
gas emissions by XX%> below our [baseline year} by [target year).
[Jurisdiction's} Climate Action Plan
· Provides background on the science and impacts of climate change
· Presents {Jurisdiction's} baseline greenhouse gas emissions inventory and emissions
reduction target
· Outlines the policies and measures in the transportation, energy efficiency, renewable
energy, and solid waste management sectors that {Jurisdiction} will implement and/or is
already implementing to achieve its target
· Presents next steps required to implement the plan
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
9
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I. Introduction
A. Introduction to Climate Change Science
The Earth's atmosphere is naturally composed of a number of gases that act like the glass panes
of a greenhouse, retaining heat to keep the temperature of the Earth stable and hospitable for life
at an average temperature of 60oF. Carbon dioxide (C02) is the most prolific of these gases.
Other contributing gases include methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N02), ozone (03) and
halocarbons. Without the natural warming effect of these gases the average surface temperature
of the Earth would be around 140F.
Figure (1) The Greenhouse Gas Phenomenon
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency
However, recently elevated concentrations of these gases in the atmosphere have had a de-
stabilizing effect on the global climate, fueling the phenomenon commonly referred to as global
warming. The global average surface temperature increased during the 20th century by about
1 of. According to NASA scientists, the 1990s were the warmest decade of the century, and the
first decade of the 2151 century is well on track to be another record-breaker. The years 2002,
2003, 2004 and 2005, along with 1998, were the warmest five years since the 1890s, with 2005
being the warmest year in over a century.
.!i1... Pr(d~etions:
. concentration of carbon dioxide (C02) during the has
at the rate of 0.4% every year.
. Cultl;te1l:~C02 concentrations are highertllan they have been in the last 420,000
1)l,9!?~tding to some research, the last 2 ears.
· About three-quarters of the CO2
years are due to the burning of fossil
ced by human activity during the past 20
Source: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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JS :f.!. 3
The climate and the atmosphere do not react in a linear fashion to increased greenhouse gases.
That is to say that you cannot simply predict the specific degree of warming that each ton of
carbon dioxide emitted from a power plant or a vehicle's tailpipe will cause. The Earth's climate
has a number of feedback loops and tipping points that scientists fear will accelerate global
warming beyond the rate at which it is currently occurring. For example, as CO2 emissions have
increased in recent human history, the oceans have been absorbing a significant portion of these
gases, but as the oceans become more permeated with CO2, scientists anticipate they will reach a
saturation point, after which each ton of anthropogenically emitted CO2 will have a more
substantial impact.s Another example of this compounding can be found in the polar ice caps. Ice
is highly reflective and acts effectively like a giant mirror, reflecting the sun's rays back into
space. As the planet warms and some of this ice melts away, a darker land or ocean surface is
revealed. This darker surface tends to absorb more heat, accelerating the speed at which the
planet warms with each ton of greenhouse gas emitted. As these examples illustrate, the stakes
are high, and there is no time to lose in the fight against global warming.
B. Effects & Impacts of Climate Change
Global Impacts
In addition to causing an increase in average global surface temperature, rising levels of
greenhouse gases have a destabilizing effect on a number of different micro-climates, conditions
and systems. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, surface temperatures
are on course to increase by between 2.5 and IOSF by the year 2100, with regions in the
northern parts of North America and Asia heating by 40% above the mean increase.6 The increase
in the temperature of the oceans is projected to accelerate the water cycle, thereby increasing the
severity and rate of both storms and drought, which, along with decreased snow pack, could
disrupt ecosystems, agricultural systems and water supplies.
Snow cover has decreased by 10% in the last forty years. Average sea levels have raised between
1/3 and 2/3 of a foot over the course of the 20th century and are projected to rise by at least
another 1/3 of a foot and up to almost three feet by the year 2100. These coastal infringements on
such a large scale could lead to not only significant environmental and ecosystem disturbances,
but also major population displacement and economic upheavat.1
Local Impacts:
While climate change is a global problem influenced by an array of interrelated factors, climate
change is also a local problem with serious impacts foreseen for California, the Bay Area and
[Jurisdiction] .
Sea level rise: According to the Union of Concerned Scientists, the sea level in the State of
California is expected to rise up to 12 inches of the next hundred years. The Pew Center on
Climate Change has reported that this would result in the erosion of beaches, bay shores and river
5 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report: "Climate Change 2001: The Scientific
Basis."
6 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report: "Climate Change 200 I: The Scientific
Basis."
7 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report: "Climate Change 200 I: The Scientific
Basis."
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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deltas, marshes and wetlands and increased salinity of estuaries, marshes, rivers and aquifers.8
This increased salinity has the potential to damage or destroy crops in low-lying farmlands.
Infrastructure at or near sea level, such as harbors, bridges, roads and even the San Francisco
International and Oakland International Airports are at risk of damage and destruction.
The San Francisco Bay Area Conservation Commission has modeled the impact of a sea level
rise of 3 feet (approx 1 meter) on the San Francisco Bay Area. As shown in Figure (2), areas
such as the Oakland Airport would be under water as well parts of Alameda, San Leandro,
Hayward, Union City, Fremont and Newark, including sections of Interstate 880.
Figure (2) San Francisco Bay Area Land areas Affected by a I-meter Sea Level Rise
t.
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Source: San Francisco Bay Area Conservation Commission
Natural disasters: Climate models predict a 40F temperature increase in the next 20 to 40 years,
with an increase in the number of long dry spells, as well as a 20-30% increase in precipitation in
the spring and fall. More frequent and heavier precipitation cause flooding and mudslides, which
would incur considerable costs in damages to property, infrastructure and even human life. Heavy
rains during the winter of 2005 offer a glimpse of the potential costly and disruptive effects of
such precipitation.
In addition, the increase of wildfires due to continued dry periods and high temperatures is
another expected impact of continued climate change. In these conditions, fires bum hotter and
spread faster. During 2003, there were 14 reported fires in California which were enhanced due to
Santa Ana winds and very low levels of humidity. The estimated damage costs were over $2
Million.
8 Neumann, James E. for the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. "Sea Level Rise & Global Climate Change: A
Review ofImpacts to the US Coasts." February 2000.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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Impacts on water: Water quality and quantity are also at risk as a result of changing
temperatures. With warmer average temperatures, more winter precipitation will fall in the form
of rain instead of snow, shortening the winter snowfall season and accelerating the rate at which
the snowpack melts in the spring. Not only does such snow melt increase the threat for spring
flooding, it will decrease the Sierras' capacity as a natural water tower, resulting in decreased
water availability for agricultural irrigation, hydro-electric generation and the general needs of a
growing population.
The decrease in snow-pack is particularly relevant in the State of California and the Bay Area, as
the Sierra snow-pack provides approximately 80% of California's annual water supply, and it is
the origin of the Tuolumne River, the primary source of water for the San Francisco regional
water system. Figure (3) was provided by the Union of Concern Scientists for the California
Climate Action Team Report (2006).
Figure (3) Decreasing Snowpack in California
Source: Union of Concern Scientists
Impacts on plants and vegetation: Native plants and animals are also at risk as temperatures rise.
Scientists are reporting more species moving to higher elevations or more northerly latitudes in
response. Increased temperatures also provide a foothold for invasive species of weeds, insects
and other threats to native species. The increased flow and salinity of water resources could also
seriously affect the food web and mating conditions for fish that are of both of economic and
recreational interest to residents. In addition, the natural cycle of plant's flowering and
pollination, as well as the temperature conditions necessary for a thriving locally adapted
agriculture could be affected, with perennial crops such as grapes taking years to recover.
In California, the impacts of climate change on agriculture are estimated to be $30 billion by the
Farm Bureau, mostly due to changes in chill hours required per year for cash crops.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
13
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Public health impact: Warming temperatures and increased precipitation can also encourage
mosquito-breeding, thus engendering diseases that come with mosquitoes, such as the West Nile
Virus, a disease of growing concern in our region. Heat waves are also expected to have a major
impact on public health and be a determinant factor of mortality. According to the IPCC (2004),
the summer mortality rates will double by half by 2050 due to hot weather episodes.
Increased temperatures also pose a risk to human health when coupled with high concentrations
of ground-level ozone and other air pollutants, which may lead to increased rates of asthma and
other pulmonary diseases. Furthermore, anticipated increases in the number and severity of hot
days place significant portions of the population, particularly the elderly, young, those already
sick, and people who work outdoors, at risk for heat-stroke.
The incidence of bad air days in California's urban areas has increased, mostly in hot summer
days. On long, hot, stagnant days, ground level ozone can build up to levels that violate federal
and state health-based standards. In the summer of 2006, the Bay Area Air Quality Management
District (BAAQMD) registered 11 Spare the Air days and exceeded the California I-hour
standard for ozone (set at 90 ppb) 18 times.
Figure (4) California Bad Air days
Source: Union of Concern Scientists
Given that climate change has local repercussions and effects on weather, water resources,
ecosystems, public health, infra structural stability and economic vitality, local governments have
a vested interest in mitigating the amount of greenhouse gases being produced by their
communities.
C. Action Being Taken on Climate Change
International Action
As evidence of climate change has mounted, groups at the international, federal, state and local
level have responded with ways to confront the impending threat. The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) leads international efforts to investigate and combat
climate change. Recognizing the problem of potential global climate change, the World
Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
14
/7~5
Senate Bill 10/78
providers to
attained a p
Assembly
regulations
primarily us
Senate
invent
established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988 to assess on a
comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic
information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk associated with human-induced
climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation, releasing it's most
recent assessment in 2007.9
In 1997, 10,000 international delegates, observers and journalists gathered in Kyoto, Japan to
participate in the drafting and adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, requiring industrialized nations to
reduce their collective greenhouse gas emissions 5.2% below 1990 levels. As of January 2007,
162 countries have ratified the Protocol, with the United States and Australia most notably absent
from the list. Additionally, since 1995 the annual Conference of the Parties (COP) has met to
discuss action and implementation to combat climate change, with the most recent COP, COP-12,
being held in Nairobi in 2006.
State and Federal Action
Though adequate attention and action related to combating climate change has been lacking at the
federa11evel, California has taken significant steps at the state level. California has been leading
the charge on combating climate change through legislation:
Established a Renewable PortfolioS
of renewable energy resources by 1 %
renewable resources.
2002 - Requires t Air Resources Board to de
e maximum feasible reduction of greenhouse gases
-commercial transporta nuary 2005.
Sher, 2000 - Requires Commission (CEC) to pre
estate's greenhouse on lobal climate change, an
emment agencies and methods for
greenhouse gases. to serve as
ing agency tI gister their
use gas emissi
stons --
levels.
mandatory
o develop various
On June 1, 2005, Governor Schwarzenegger signed Executive Order #S-3-05 establishing a
greenhouse gas reduction target of reducing emissions to 2000 levels by 2010, to 1990 levels by
2020 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050. In April 2006, the California Climate Action
Team released its Report to Governor Schwarzenegger and the State Legislature, outlining
recommendations and strategies to achieve those reductions.
Local Action
A great deal of work is being done at the local level on climate change as well. ICLEI-Local
Governments for Sustainability has been a leader both internationally and domestically for more
than ten years, representing over 770 local governments around the world. ICLEI was launched in
the United States in 1995 and has grown to more than 230 cities and counties providing national
leadership on climate protection and sustainable development. In June 2006, ICLEI launched the
California Local Government Climate Task Force as a formal mechanism to provide ongoing
9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report: "Climate Change 2007"
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
15
IS ';153
input and collaboration into the State of California's climate action process. ICLEI also works in
conjunction with the U.S. Conference of Mayors to track progress and implementation of the U.S.
Mayors Climate Protection Agreement, launched in 2005, which more than 376 mayors have
signed to date pledging to meet or beat the Kyoto Protocol emissions reduction target in their own
communities. By the end of 2006, Alameda county mayors from San Leandro Oakland,
Pleasanton, Newark, Hayward, Freemont, Dublin, Berkeley, and Albany signed the U.S. Mayors
Climate Protection Agreement.
Climate Protection Efforts by the City of []
[This is a place to explain the concerns your jurisdiction has had with climate change and what
programs the city has implemented, at both municipal operations and the community. It may be
helpful to cite the relevant city departments as well as external organizations that may be
involved in implementation]
II. Emissions Inventory
A. Reasoning, Methodology & Model
The [City/Town/County] of [Jurisdiction's] inventory was conducted by ICLEI in partnership
with staff from the municipality. The purpose of the baseline emissions inventory is to determine
the levels of greenhouse gas emissions that [Jurisdiction] emitted in its base year, [base year].
ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection inventory methodology allows local governments to
systematically estimate and track greenhouse gas emissions from energy and waste related
activities at the community-wide scale and those resulting directly form municipal operations.
The municipal operations inventory is a subset of the community-scale inventory.
Once completed, these inventories provide the basis for creating an emissions forecast and
reduction target, and enable the quantification of emissions reductions associated with
implemented and proposed measures.
1. ICLEI's Emissions Analysis Software
To facilitate local government efforts to identify and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ICLEI
developed the Clean Air and Climate Protection (CACP) software package with Torrie Smith
Associates. This software estimates emissions derived from energy consumption and waste
generation within a community. The CACP software determines emissions using specific factors
(or coefficients) according to the type of fuel used. Emissions are aggregated and reported in
terms of carbon dioxide equivalent units, or COze. Converting all emissions to carbon dioxide
equivalent units allows for the consideration of different greenhouse gases in comparable terms.
For example, methane is twenty-one times more powerful than carbon dioxide in its capacity to
trap heat, so the model converts one ton of methane emissions to 21 tons of COze.
The emissions coefficients and methodology employed by the software are consistent with
national and international inventory standards established by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines for the Preparation of National GHG Emissions
Inventories), the U.S. Voluntary Greenhouse Gas Reporting Guidelines (EIA form1605), and, for
emissions generated from solid waste, the U.S. EPA's Waste Reduction Model (WARM).
The CACP software has been and continues to be used by over 250U.S. local governments to
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. However, it is worth noting that, although the software
provides [Jurisdiction] with a sophisticated and useful tool, calculating emissions from energy
use with precision is difficult. The model depends upon numerous assumptions, and it is limited
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
16
)1 J 53
by the quantity and quality of available data. With this in mind, it is useful to think of any specific
number generated by the model as an approximation rather than an exact value.
2. Inventory Data Sources and Creation Process
An inventory of greenhouse gas emissions requires the collection of information from a variety of
sectors and sources. For community electricity and natural gas data, ICLEI consulted Pacific Gas
& Electric Company (PG&E) and Alameda Power & TelecomJO. The Metropolitan
Transportation Commission (MTC), Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD),
and Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) served as sources of transportation data. Solid waste data
was gathered from StopWaste.Org, Waste Management, Inc., Alameda County Industries,
Republic Services, Inc. and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).
[City/Town/County} staff, including [name staff here} were instrumental in providing data on
municipal operations.
These data were entered into the software to create a community emissions inventory and a
municipal emissions inventory. The community inventory represents all the energy used and
waste produced within [Jurisdiction} and its contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. The
municipal inventory is a subset of the community inventory, and includes emissions derived from
internal government operations.
There are two main reasons for completing separate emissions inventories for community and
municipal operations. First, the government is committed to action on climate change, and has a
higher degree of control to achieve reductions in its own municipal emissions than those created
by the community at large. Second, by proactively reducing emissions generated by its own
activities, the {Jurisdiction} government takes a visible leadership role in the effort to address
climate change. This is important for inspiring local action in {Jurisdiction}, as well as for
inspiring other communities.
{Jurisdiction's} inventory is based on the year 200X. When calculating [Jurisdiction's}
emissions inventory, all energy consumed in {Jurisdiction} was included. This means that, even
though the electricity used by {Jurisdiction} residents is produced elsewhere, this energy and
emissions associated with it appears in {Jurisdictionj's inventory. The decision to calculate
emissions in this manner reflects the general philosophy that a community should take full
ownership of the impacts associated with its energy consumption, regardless of whether the
generation occurs within the geographical limits of the community.
B. Inventory Results
Alameda County Results
The results for the Alameda County GHG emissions inventory are shown in the following table
(1 ) and figure ( 5) :
10 Exclusively for the City of Alameda
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
17
/JJ~
,..,
~
Table (2) GHG Emissions Inventory Results in Alameda County
Residential
CommerciallIndustrial
Transportation
1,316,481
1,853,776
2,540,136
Populatibh
I The above data includes 10 cities (Alameda City, Albany,
Berkeley, Emeryville, Hayward, Newark, Oakland, Piedmont,
San Leandro and Union City).
2 The Baseline year is 2005 for all cities, except for Albany
and Emeryville which inventoried 2004 emissions. For the
presentation of results, data for all cities is included.
Figure (5) GHG Emissions Inventory Results in Alameda County
Alameda Co. Cities
GHG Emissions Inventory by Sector
C02e tons/year
23%
45%
lEI Residential
lEI Commercialllndustrial
o Transportation
32%
Source: CACP output
Table (2) and Figure (5) above shows the County's total greenhouse gas emissions from all major
sources for the year 2005. The year 2005 was the baseline for all cities except for Albany and
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
18
Emeryville. The County of Alameda is emitting approximately 5,710,393 tons ofC02e from the
residential, commerciallindustrial, and transportation sectors. Burning fossil fuels in vehicles and
for energy use in buildings and facilities is a major contributor to the County's greenhouse gas
emissions. Fuel consumption in the transportation sector is the single largest source of emissions,
contributing 44% of total emissions. The residential and commercial/industrial sectors represent
emissions that result from electricity and natural gas used in both private and public sector
buildings and facilities.
[Jurisdiction) Results
The results below represent the {Jurisdiction's) completion of the first milestone ofICLEI's CCP
campaIgn.
1. Community Emissions Inventory
[Insert the baseline community emissions inventory report provided by ICLEI stafJ]
2. Municipal Emissions Inventory
[Insert the baseline municipal emissions inventory report provided by ICLEI stafJ]
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
;;/cD;(~3
19
c/c)1
III. Forecast for Greenhouse Gas Emissions
[Insert forecast calculations and report provided by ICLEI staff]
IV. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Target
A reduction target provides a
emissions reductio
emissions, be
a percentage by which
by [target year}.
'ons reduction efforts. Our
to decrease
Many factors were considered when selecting [Jurisdictionj's reduction target. We strove to
choose a target that is both aggressive and achievable given local circumstances. [Describe those
factors here. The follOWing text may or may not apply to your consideration of a target. Also
describe who was involved in the target selection process.]
The Kyoto Protocol target of 7% below 1990 levels was the target the United States agreed to in
principle at the 1997 United Nations Council of Parties meeting, but has yet to ratify in Congress.
Several European nations set similar goals and some have begun action towards meeting them.
IPCC research suggests that we would need to achieve as much as a 60% reduction below 1990
levels in order to reverse global warming and stabilize the climate.
Local factors considered in selecting the target reduction percentage included estimation of the
effects of implemented and planned programs and policies, an approximate assessment of future
opportunities to reduce emissions, targets adopted by peer communities, and emissions reductions
expected to be achieved by state-level climate policy. [Jurisdiction] has adopted a reduction
target of X percent below [base year] by the year 20XX. To reach this target, [Jurisdiction] must
reduce annual emissions by [number] tons from baseline levels.
Source: CACP Model Output
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
20
c2J 0;
3
V. Existing Emissions Reduction Measures & Policies
At both the community-scale and within municipal operations, {Jurisdiction} is already
undertaking a number of programs, policies and projects that result in reduced greenhouse gas
emissions. While the goals of many of the existing actions listed below (e.g., reducing local air
pollution, reducing traffic, improving public health, increasing energy efficiency and
conservation, improving solid waste management) is not necessarily to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, the policies do serve that function. Ultimately, the goal of {Jurisdiction's} Climate
Action Plan is to build on existing planning and implementation efforts and integrate them into
the broader task of reducing the community's impact on climate.
{Jurisdiction's} existing actions are organized into four categories: transportation, energy
efficiency, renewable energy, and solid waste managementl1. These categories follow the major
sources of emissions found in the GHG emissions inventories and described in Section lIB in
addition to the waste sector.
A. Existing Community-Scale Measures
The measures outlined in this section represent an excellent first step towards significant
reductions of greenhouse gas emissions in the community. According to estimates produced
using the CACP software, these measures already account for [number} tons COze reduction, or
[number} percent towards [Jurisdiction's} ultimate reduction goal. They have been broken down
by sector and are outlined below. [Use the table below to highlight the benefits of existing
community-scale policies and programs. Insert names of existing measures under the
appropriate sectors in the "Policy" column and fill out .the remainder of the table with the
information requested at the top of each additional column. ICLEI staff will provide on-demand
assistance in using the CACP software to quantify the benefits of your jurisdiction's policies and
programs.]
xxxx
#
%
xxxx
#
%
xxxx
#
%
xxxx
#
%
Source: CACP Model output
11 Waste Management is used in the broader sense to include, waste reduction, recycling, compo sting and
final disposal activities.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
21
cY4~
3
[Consider writing a brief paragraph on each significant measure, providing additional detail on
the amount of energy savings or waste reduction achieved, the year, location and drivers of
implementation, etc. These paragraphs will help all members of the community to communicate
and celebrate past accomplishments and conceive of new emissions reduction opportunities.}
B. Existing Municipal Operations Measures
(Jurisdiction) has also already undertaken a number of municipal operations measures resulting
in reduced greenhouse gas emissions relative to the base year of [year]. These measures are an
excellent first step towards significant reductions of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal
operations. According to estimates produced using the CACP software, these measures already
account for [number) tons COze reduction, or [number) percent towards (Jurisdiction's) ultimate
municipal operations reduction goal. They have been broken down by sector and are outlined .
below. [Use the table below to highlight the benefits of existing municipal policies and
programs. Insert names of existing measures under the appropriate sectors in the "Policy"
column and fill out the remainder of the table with the information requested at the top of each
additional column. ICLEI staff will provide on-demand assistance in using the CACP
software to quantify the benefits of your jurisdiction's policies and programs.}
Table
xxxx
#
%
xxxx
#
%
xxxx
#
%
xxxx
#
%
Source: CACP Model output
[Consider writing a brief paragraph on each significant measure, providing additional
detail on the amount of energy savings or waste reduction achieved, the year, location
and drivers of implementation, etc. These paragraphs will help all members of the
community to communicate and celebrate past accomplishments and conceive of new
emissions reduction opportunities.}
C. Summary of Existing Emissions Reduction Measures
Based on the emissions reductions already achieved since [base year) through the above
measures, (Jurisdiction) will have to reduce X tons of COze emissions in the community,
including at least Y tons of COze emissions from municipal operations, in order to achieve our
emissions reduction target.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
22
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Table ( : {Jurisdiction} Emissions Summa
Source: CACP Model Output
VI. Proposed Emissions Reduction Measures & Policies
Based on careful consideration of the emissions reductions needed to achieve our stated targets,
the distribution of emissions revealed in our emissions inventory, existing priorities and
resources, and the potential costs and benefits of various potential emissions reduction projects,
[Jurisdiction) has identified a set of emissions reduction measures that should be set into motion
immediately. The actions are divided into the following sectors/measure types: transportation,
energy efficiency, renewable energy, and solid waste managemene2. Within each of these
categories, the measures are further divided into the measures that affect community-wide
emissions and measures that affect the emissions that result from municipal operations.
The emissions that result from municipal facilities and operations account for only X percent of
[Jurisdiction's] community-wide emissions. That being said, measures taken to reduce municipal
emissions show that the city's elected officials and staffers are committed to action on climate
change and to inspiring action in both our community and neighboring communities.
[Jurisdiction] is proud of the emissions reduction efforts implemented to date and is committed to
building on those efforts by increasing fleet fuel efficiency, reducing solid waste, and increasing
energy efficiency and conservation in municipal buildings. .
12 Waste Management is used in the broader sense to include, waste reduction, recycling, compo sting and
final disposal activities.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
23
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[This is a good section in which to give more detail on proposed measures-their context,
implementation process, cost and benefits (i.e. resource savings, emissions reductions, co-
benefits, needed funding), resource requirements and availability, projected timeline, foreseeable
barriers potential stakeholders to involve, etc.]
[To assist your jurisdiction in implementing a set of measures that will achieve the targeted
reduction in a resource and cost effective manner, ICLEI staff has prepared an analysis of the
potential emission reductions achieved by implementing programs offered by Stop Waste. Org as
well as various other policies and programs. Please see example measures below.]
1. Transportation and Land Use Measures
Broadly, there are three main ways to reduce GHG emissions from the transportation sector. One
way is to implement policies that reduce dependence on personal motor vehicles and encourage
alternative modes of transportation, such as public transit, cycling, and walking. Another way is
to utilize vehicles that release fewer greenhouse gases, such as hybrids, more fuel efficient
vehicles, and vehicles that run on alternative fuels. A final way is to encourage 'smart growth'
or policies that promote efficient land use development. Smart growth reduces the need to travel
long distances, facilitates transit and other non-automotive travel, increases the availability of
affordable housing, employs existing infrastructure capacity, promotes social equity, helps protect
natural assets, and maintains and reinforces existing communities.
1.1 Community Measures
Table
.
.
.
iesel purchasit1.gC()7"Opor fueling
rid vehicles in l1lJll1i'cipalfleet
fuels/less carbon intensive
.
hicles for taxis and school
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
24
,;> /~ ~~
buses
Trip Reduction! Transportation Demand Management
. Promote carpooling, telecommuting and the use of mass
transit by community members
. Expand local transit, bus, and or shuttle service in range
andlor frequency .
. Provide high school students with complimentary bus tickets
. Improve traffic signal synchronization
. Increase the number of miles ofHOV lanes
. Charge a tiered congestion fee based on vehicle fuel
efficiency
. Partner with City Car Share or a similar car sharing program
to disincentivize car ownership
. Encourage infiU, brownfield, and downtown development in
order to reduce trips by car and make existing public transit
more accessible
Alternative modes of transportation
. Promote bicycling
. Promote walking and facilitating connections and crosses
. Encourage school walking pool
. Developing a regional rail plan
. Supporting inter-regional high speed rail
. Canceling highway widening projects
Land use related
. Support transit oriented development
. Support high density housing near BART (Bay Area Rapid
Transit)
. Change zoning to encourage higher density housing and
mixed use development in areas close to BART
. Encourage more smart growth (in fill, TOD, jobslhousing
balance, centered development)
. Discouraging development and transportation investments in
areas subject to sea level rise
. Integrating rail, bus and bicycle networks
. Providing more free shuttles, particularly in downtown areas
to encourage high density development
. Participate in ABAG's Smart Growth Strategy
Any jurisdiction can use the ABAG's Smart Growth Checklist as criteria to consider in land use
project approval. The check list is attached as Appendix C.
[The Association of Bay Area Governments has a Smart Growth Strategy as part of their
Regional Livability Footprint Project. leLEl and StopWaste.Org encourage jurisdictions to
approach ABAG and participate on their main programs: technical sessions, corridors
program and incentives & regulatory changes.
httTJ ://www. abag. ca.gov/pl anning/smartgrowth/index. htmll
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection 25
3
~QA ~
1. 2 Municipal Operations Measures
Table
Vehicle Fuel Efficiency
· Retire old and under used vehicles
· Purchase hybrids and/or smaller, more fuel
efficient fleet vehicles
· Utilize fuel efficient vehicles (e.g., scooters) for
arm enforcement
· Replace retired vehicles with hybrids provided
by Ci Car Share
Alternative Fuels
· Utilize alternative fuels in city fleet and heavy
equipment
· Implement a "cops on bikes" program
Alternatives Modes of Transportation
· Giving greater priority to non-automobile
modes in the re ional trans ortation Ian
· Implementing' streets supporting' aU travel
modes
Trip Reduction/Transportation Demand
Mana ement
· Promote carpooling, and the use of mass transit
by munici al em 10 ees
· Encourage municipal employees to walk to
nearb meetin s and facilities
· Allow flex time and telecommuting by
municipal employees. Implement employer trip
reduction ordinances
Land Use
· Connecting transportation funding directly to
smart- owth initiatives
· Locating context-setting and highly symbolic
public facilities (e.g. public sport stadiums)
with eater regard to multi-modal accessibility
1.3 Example Community and Municipal Transportation Measures
1.3.1 Discoura!!e Unnecessarv IdUn!! (Vehicle Efficiency):
Importance/Context - Idling bums fuel to get you nowhere. Burning gasoline or diesel in
vehicles releases greenhouse gas emissions as well as local air pollutants. Idling also causes
needless engine wear. But local governments have the power to reduce idling through public
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
26
o?q r:f 56
education and enforcement of anti-idling ordinances. In addition to saving fuel costs and reducing
emissions, anti-idling policies protect public health. Exhaust from cars and buses can enter
buildings and vehicles, contributing to respiratory problems.
Implementation Scenario - The best ways to reduce idling in the community include public
education and implementing a community-wide anti-idling ordinance. Public service
announcements on radio, TV, and on local government websites are effective. Targeted outreach
to places where buses are most likely to wait while passengers load and unload, such as hotels,
tourist destinations and schools, is also effective. More regulatory action can be taken by passing
an anti-idling ordinance that restricts idling of all non-emergency vehicles to no more than three
minutes.
The costs of implementation are small, as the anti-idling ordinance can be enforced as part of
daily parking and traffic control efforts. Outreach to community members will require some
additional cost and staff time.
Many jurisdictions have extensive experience implementing anti-idling projects. ICLEI is a good
clearing house for such information and can assist in networking with other communities. In
addition, the U.S. EP A offers an entire web site on anti-idling at
http://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus/antiid1ing.htm.
The U.S. EP A provides grants for school bus retrofits and replacements. The EP A also lists
additional potential funding sources at the following site:
http://www.epa.gov/cleanschoo1bus/funding.htm.
Resource Savings - Reducing idling saves businesses, public institutions and' residents in fuel
costs. Typical school buses burn about a half gallon of fuel per hour of idling. If 100 school
buses each reduced idling by only 1 hour per month, the fleet would collectively save 600 gallons
of fuel per year. At $2.50 a gallon this equals a cost savings of$1,500 annually.
Emissions Reductions - Reducing fuel consumption by reducing idling also reduces emissions.
The benefits of not burning 600 gallons of fuel per year include an annual reduction of 6 tons of
C02e, 193 pounds of nitrogen oxides, and 44 pounds of sulfur oxides.
1.3.2 Increase BicvclinJ! as an Alternative to DrivinJ! (Alternative Modes of Transportation)
Importance/Context - Pedal power is a clean source of energy that does not produce greenhouse
gas emissions. But lack of adequate bike infrastructure is a major barrier to cyclists. Providing
and promoting a convenient and safe bike infrastructure serves to reduce trips by motor vehicles.
Bicycles are especially appropriate in reducing the number of short trips-up to 5 miles-which
constitute more than half of all driving.
Shifting trips from cars to bikes also reduces street traffic. An investment in bike infrastructure is
also an investment in public health, as cycling is an excellent mode of physical activity. A fit
community has lower health care costs.
Implementation Scenario - There are a number of different ways to increase the rate of bicycling
in the community. These include:
· Increasing the number of bicycle lanes, routes, and paths
· Requiring developers to provide bicycle parking racks/stations
· Increasing the marketing and promotion of bicycling as an alternative to driving through
expanded advertising, promoting "Bike to Work Week," and making bike lane maps
available at various locations throughout the community
Potential sources of funding for this effort include the Bay Area Air Quality Management District
(BAAQMD), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), and the Federal
Transportation Authority. The East Bay Bicycle Coalition is a major stakeholder for bicycle-
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
27
2o~
related policy. Other major stakeholders that need to have early input are the jurisdiction's
planners and Office of Transportation. Many Bay Area jurisdictions have extensive experience
implementing projects that increase bicycling within the community. ICLE! is a clearing house
for such information and can assist the jurisdiction to network with other communities.
Emissions Reductions - If commuters cumulatively shifted 10,000 vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
by passenger vehicle to bicycle, the annual greenhouse gas emissions savings would equal
approximately 6 tons of COze.
1.3.2 Convert the municipalfleet to biodiesel (Alternative Fuels).
Importance/Context - B 1 00 is biodiese1 derived from 100 percent vegetable oil or animal fats. It
can be used to replace conventional 4iesel fuel and significantly reduces greenhouse gas
emissions. Biodiesel is also available in blends such as B20 (20 percent biodiesel). B20 is more
common because of the higher cost of biodiesel and engine compatibility issues. Biodiesel can
be used in vehicles from cars and light trucks, to fire engines and heavy dump trucks.
Implementation Scenario - Convert 10 city-owned heavy trucks to B 100 biodiesel. Converting
the municipal fleet to an alternative fuel such as biodiesel reduces the consumption of fossil fuels.
Shifting to B 1 00 achieves significant reductions' in local air pollutants such as particulate matter
and volatile organic compounds. Biodiesel is also non-toxic and biodegrades four times faster
than conventional diesel. However, biodiesel can be up to twice as expensive as conventional
diesel. Establishing a local supply will reduce this cost.
Potential sources of funding for this effort include the Bay Area Air Quality Management District
(BAAQMD), the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC), and the Federal
Transportation Authority.
Emissions Reductions - Converting 10 city-owned heavy trucks to B 1 00 biodiesel would reduce
emissions by approximately 190 tons annually.
2. Energy Efficiency Measures
Increasing energy efficiency throughout the community has immense potential to both reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and save people money. A wealth of resources exists to assist
municipalities in this regard. ENERGY STAR, for example, offers local governments energy
efficient products and tools for improving energy management. Promoting ENERGY STAR
resources to both businesses and residents is a good way to achieve increased energy efficiency.
Other methods to increase community energy efficiency include subsidizing energy management
services such as energy audits for residents and businesses. Ensuring that developers and
building contractors are trained on energy conservation and efficiency is also within a city's
power to do.
2.1 Community
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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2.2 Municipal Operations
III
Source: CACP Model output
2.3 Example Community and Municipal Enerey Efficiency Measures
2.3.1 Promote the Purchase of ENERGY STAR light fIXtures and compact fluorescent light
bulbs (CFLs)
Importance/Context - Residents can save significant amounts of money and energy by installing
light bulbs and light fixtures that have earned the ENERGY STAR. Such energy efficient
lighting requires at least 65 percent less energy than incandescent lighting, generates 70 percent
less heat, and last up to 10 times longer. On average, an ENERGY STAR qualified light bulb can
save up to $30 in electricity costs over the lifetime of the bulb.13 When residents install ENERGY
STAR lighting they are also reducing greenhouse gas emissions by using less energy at home.
Implementation Scenario - ENERGY STAR's "Change a Light, Change the World" campaign is
a national challenge through which [Jurisdiction] will encourage its citizens to take small, simple
steps toward increased energy efficiency. Championing the ENERGY STAR "Change a Light,
Change the World" campaign would cost the jurisdiction little while serving to save residents
money and reducing emissions at the same time. As a jurisdiction, [Jurisdiction] will set a pledge
goal of getting at least 1,000 community members to pledge to replace at least one incandescent
J 3 Source: http://www .energystar. gov /ia/partners/promotions/ change _light/ downloads/MayorT oolkit. pdf
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
29
y ~f~3
bulb at home with a more energy efficient one. [Jurisdiction] can follow its progress toward its
pledge goal by encouraging community members to log their pledges online at
www.energystar.govlioinCAL.
Additional steps that the jurisdiction will take to encourage its citizens to switch to more energy
efficient bulbs include: hosting a public event at the library at which all the building's
incandescent bulbs will be changed to ENERGY STAR qualified ones; inviting local schools and
universities to make pledges; and posting a link to the ENERGY STAR Change a Light pledge on
the jurisdiction's website.
Emissions Reductions - On average, an ENERGY STAR qualified light bulb can reduce
emissions by 450 pounds over its lifetime. If [Jurisdiction] reaches its goal and at least 1,000
community members commit to changing just one bulb, the emissions reduction achieved will
equal approximately 225 C02e tons.
2.3.2 Conduct energy efficiency retrofits of municipal buildings.
Importance/Context - Up to one third of the energy used to run typical government buildings
goes to waste. This translates into a significant amount of taxpayer money that is wasted due to
inefficient energy use. It is for this reason that government buildings are good candidates for
energy efficiency retrofits that save the jurisdiction money, reduce maintenance burdens, improve
comfort, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Cost savings will begin to accrue immediately
due to reduced electricity and natural gas consumption. Building retrofits also reduce the
emissions of air pollution such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic
compounds.
Implementation Scenario - Retrofit the 10 most energy inefficient buildings by updating or
installing new heating, ventilation and cooling systems that are digitally controlled and easy to
operate; installing ENERGY STAR qualified lighting and motion sensors; and improving the
buildings' insulation. Use the U.S. EPA's Portfolio Manager software program to monitor the
energy performance of buildings in your jurisdiction. Portfolio Manager is a free online tool for
tracking and benchmarking the energy performance of a jurisdiction's buildings, and can lead to
buildings getting rated ENERGY STAR by the EP A.
The jurisdiction has the option of selling bonds to finance the retrofits and using the energy
savings to pay back the bonds. ENERGY STAR provides valuable information on financing
government energy projects at:
www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=government.bus government.
Cash incentives are available to help offset or completely cover the cost of energy upgrades in
public buildings in most cities. The Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) has set up a
web portal, ABAG Energy Watch that links cities with resources and rebates. Many of the
programs are free and offer rebates, comprehensive energy audits, and retro-commissioning
services. Take advantage of these programs before they expire in 2008.
www.abag.ca. gov/abagenergywatch/
Emissions Reductions - The emissions reduction achieved through energy efficiency retrofits
will vary, but promise to be significant. A savings of one million kWh reduces emissions by over
245 tons C02e. For every 1,000 therms of natural gas that is saved, the jurisdiction is achieving
an emissions reduction of 6 tons C02e.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
30
~g ~-r 3
3. Renewable Energy Measures
Currently available sources of renewable energy include solar, wind, biomass and geothermal.
Hydrogen fuel cells and tidal current power are renewable energy sources that hold promise but
require further research and innovation before they are as practical and possible to implement as
other options.
Renewable energy sources offer the potential for a clean, decentralized energy source that can
significantly impact the municipality's greenhouse gas emissions. [Jurisdiction] will work to
build on current efforts to integrate alternative energy into the community's power scheme.
3.1 Community
Source: CACP Model output
3.2 Municipal Operations
Source: CACP Model output
3.3 Example Community and Municipal Renewable Enen?:v Measures
3.3.1 Offer incentives and financing information for solar photovoltaic projects
Importance/Context - Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate energy by harnessing sunlight.
Technologies that can convert solar energy into electricity can be installed at the point of use.
Solar energy is a clean source of electricity that does not produce greenhouse gas emissions.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
. 31
:Elf ~'~~,
",
Installing PV panels on homes can also save residents money by offsetting the need for power
from the grid, and increase local energy security and reliability.
Cost savings will begin to accrue after a payback period of 10-15 years. Other benefits include
reduced emissions of criteria air pollutants from power plants, development and local
demonstration of renewable energy technology, and increased residential energy reliability,
security, and cost certainty. Further, while a PV system will not increase a resident's property
taxes, it will increase the property value.
Implementation Scenario - Launch a "[Jurisdiction] Solar Program" that serves to provide
background information on solar PV systems, financing resources, information on rebates and
incentives, and information on solar contractors. Work to eliminate barriers to residential and
business solar installations, by offering information at building permit counters, expediting or
streamlining permitting requirements, and reducing or eliminating permitting fees. Roll out a
consumer awareness campaign to demystify the process for installing solar energy on rooftops.
Target new home buyers, realtors, lenders, business owners, and current homeowners.
PV panel installations cost $7-10 per Watt, depending on system size and availability of product.
Local and state rebates, incentives, and tax credits will reduce this cost for residents by at least 30
percent. Businesses can benefit even more from tax credits and accelerated depreciation of the PV
system cost. The California Solar Initiative (http://www.gosolarcalifornia.ca.govl) provides
rebates and information for small and large solar systems. Also see the Database of State
Incentives for Renewab1es and Efficiency (DSIRE) at http://www.dsireusa.org/.
Emissions Reductions - For every kW of installed capacity, PV panels can generate
approximately 2,000 kWh of electricity per year. This represents X percent of the average annual
electricity consumption of a household in [Jurisdiction].
For every kW of installed capacity, PV-generated electricity savings translate to an annual
emissions reduction of about 0.5 ton C02e.
3.3.2 Install a Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System on the Roof of City Hall.
Importance/Context - Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems generate energy by harnessing sunlight.
Technologies that can convert solar energy into electricity can be installed at the point of use.
Solar energy is a clean source of electricity that does not produce greenhouse gas emissions.
Installing PV panels on municipal buildings can also save money by offsetting the need for power
from the grid, and increase local energy security and reliability. Cost savings will begin to accrue
after a payback period of 10-15 years. Other benefits include reduced emissions of criteria air
pollutants from nearby power plants, development and local demonstration of renewable energy
technology, increased energy reliability, security, and cost certainty.
Implementation Scenario - PV panel installations cost about $5-10 per Watt in most municipal
building settings. Install PV systems on the roof of City Hall and use power generated on-site to
meet electricity demand for that facility.
The State of California offers a rebate of $2,800 per kW or $2.80/Watt, for systems under 30kW,
which covers about 30% of the total system cost. PG&E's Self-Generation Incentive Program
offers a rebate of $2,800 per kW for systems larger then 30kW. For more information:
www.pge.com/selfgen. Additionally, the federal government offers tax incentives for installing
photovoltaic panels on commercial-zoned buildings. Cities cannot generally take advantage of
these tax incentives, but entities exists that can aggregate tax credits for cities. These entities
essentially lease the rooftop from the city and pass along the energy savings to the city.
Emissions Reductions - For every kW of installed capacity, PV panels can generate about 2000
kWh of electricity per year. This represents [X}% of the annual electricity consumption of City
Hall.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
32
3.E ~1' 6
For every kW of installed capacity, PV-generated electricity savings translate to an annual
emissions reduction of about 0.5 ton of CO2 equivalent.
Projected Implementation Timeline
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4. Solid Waste Management Measures
Alameda County has a goal of reducing waste sent to the landfill by 75% from 1990 levels.
[Jurisdiction] is committed to diverting 75 percent of waste from the landfill also. Strategies to
achieve this goal are already set in motion, and this section of the action plan illustrates additional
measures that should be taken immediately. Such measures include expanding existing
commercial and residential recycling and composting programs, and expanding community
education and outreach initiatives. Further, [Jurisdiction] is placing increasing emphasis on
achieving emissions reductions through promoting sustainable landscaping practices such as
those outlined in StopWaste.Org's Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines
As is demonstrated in this document, many of StopWaste.Org's program areas and
(jurisdiction's) own solid waste diversion programs dovetail nicely with municipal efforts to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While the (jurisdiction's) charge to reduce the waste stream
may seem external to traditional emission reduction strategies such as energy and transportation,
ICLEI and StopWaste.Org have illustrated the emissions benefits of waste reduction, recycling
and composting and these are contained within this report.
Recycling and waste prevention programs make a significant contribution to reducing the energy
and transportation needed to manufacture and ship virgin products and packaging. Composting
makes a significant contribution to reducing methane production in the landfill and reduces the
need for energy intensive fertilizers and pesticides. Indeed, the EP A 2000 report states:
"There are no plausible scenarios in which landfilling minimizes GHG emissions from waste
management. For yard waste, GHG emissions are roughly comparable from landfilling and
composting; for food waste, composting yields significantly lower emissions tha111andfilling. For
paper waste, landfilling causes higher GHG emissions than either recycling or incineration with
energy recovery." (US EP A, 2000).
Results from research conducted by ICLEI and StopWaste.Org provided in this report, show that
practices such as residential and commercial recycling and compo sting, buying recycled products,
green building and Bay-Friendly Landscaping play an important role in a local government's
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
33
-56 ~ :3
emission mitigation strategy. In fact, climate change mitigation can be seen as an umbrella under
which a jurisdiction's waste diversion programs playa substantial role.
StopWaste.Org has a wealth of informational resources on the benefits and application of all of
the recommended practices and also offers technical assistance. Please visit www.stopwaste.org.
4.1 Community Measures
Solid Waste Mana ement Emissions Reduction Measures
.
Increase participation in commercial and residential
food waste collection TO am (for com ostin ).
Increase participation in commercial recycling/reuse
ro ams for a er, cardboard, and lastic film
Participate in StopWaste.Org's audit and technical
assistance ro am
Encourage businesses to participate in the County
Green Business program
Increase participation in residential co-collection of
yard debris and food waste
Increase participation m residential curbside
recycling programs
Educate residents and businesses about the benefits
of sustainable, Bay-Friendly Landscaping and
Gardening
.
.
.
.
.
.
Source: CACP Model output
4.2 Municipal Measures
al Solid Waste Mana ement Emissions Reduction Measures
· Implement a duplex copying/printing policy in
munici al office buildin
· Reduce Landscape Waste by implementing
StopWaste.Org's Bay-Friendly Landscaping
Program. Include practices such as:
· Increase on-site composting and mulching
of municipal plant debris
. Incorporate Bay-Friendly Landscaping
practices into new or renovated medians14
14 Including the use of drip irrigation systems, a diverse plant pallet to resist pests, and reducing
turf and sheared hedges
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
34
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Source: CACP Model output
4.3 Example Community and Municipal Solid Waste Management Measures
4.3.1 Increase business waste prevention and recycling practices including the reuse of
cardboard boxes, and the recycling of plastic film, cardboard, and paper. Utilize
reusable plastic transport packaging in place of limited-use wood pallets or cardboard
boxes.
Increase outreach on the availability of these services to businesses. Also identify
businesses that would benefit from the services of the StopWaste.Org Partnership which
provides a comprehensive audit program for medium and large businesses to reduce
waste and energy consumed and helps businesses implement the practices outlined above.
Participate in the county green business program by recruiting area businesses to sign on.
Importance/Context - The commercial sector generates two-thirds of the jurisdiction's total
waste. Expanding recycling, waste prevention and composting programs for jurisdiction's
businesses will reduce global warming emissions. Recycling and waste reduction saves
resources and reduces the emissions that cause global warming. Recycling reduces greenhouse
gas emissions because manufacturing products from recovered materials avoids emissions from
the energy that would have been used during extraction, transport and processing of virgin raw
materials. The reuse and recycling of organic materials (such as paper, cardboard, and food) also
keeps waste out of the landfill where it breaks down and releases methane, a powerful greenhouse
gas. Such practices also have the potential to reduce the transportation of waste materials to the
landfill, thereby conserving fuel.
Implementation Scenario - Increase outreach and education to businesses within the community
on the benefits of reuse and recycling. Provide the necessary facilities and services to make such
practices as convenient as possible.
Emissions Reductions -
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
35
:3S 'fJpr; 3
4"'1
i. Increase the reuse and recycling of cardboard boxes: In Alameda County, about 42,000 tons of
cardboard enter the waste stream every year. If 50 percent of the cardboard was reused and/or
recycled, the County would reduce emissions by 81,200 tons C02e annually. For every 1 ton of
corrugated cardboard boxes that is kept from entering the landfill, about 3.87 tons of C02e are
avoided.
ii. Increase the recycling of plastic film: Recycling plastic film such as that used to make plastic
bags, reduces emissions by avoiding the upstream energy necessary to produce new products.
For every ton of plastic film (in the form of Low Density Polyethylene LDPE) that is recycled,
about 1.9 tons of C02e are avoided annually.
iii. Recycling paper: Recycling paper reduces emissions by avoiding the upstream energy
necessary to produce new units of paper, and by avoiding emissions at the landfill since paper is
an organic material that decomposes to form methane. For every ton of mixed general paper
recycled about 4.3 tons of C02e are avoided.
iv. Increase the utilization of reusable transport packaging: Plastic pallets are more durable and
last about 50 times longer than wood pallets and therefore produce less waste. For every
reusable plastic pallet utilized in place of a wooden one, the community is achieving an emissions
reduction of approximately 830 pounds C02e. Similar benefits are realized by replacing limited
or one-time use cardboard boxes with durable totes and containers.
4.3.2 Separating commercial and residential food waste for composting instead of
landfilling.
Importance/Context -The reduction of food waste sent to the landfill, reduces the methane
emissions that are produced when organic waste decomposes in the absence of oxygen at the
landfill. Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas, 23 times more than carbon dioxide. Food waste
produces more methane than any other organic material. - Food waste can be used for producing
compost. Additionally, the resultant compost reduces GHG in a few ways: 1) The composting
process itself helps to bind or sequester carbon in the soil; 2) The resultant compost results in
reduced use of nitrogen fertilizers which are not only energy intensive to produce, but also a
leading source of nitrous oxide emissions, a potent GHG; and 3) It's use helps to mitigate the
decline in soil quality expected from climate change impacts. Sending organics to a composting
facility reduces more greenhouse gases than sending organics to a landfill, even one with methane
recovery.
Implementation Scenario - Increase outreach and education to businesses and residents within
the community on the benefits of separating food waste for composting collection. Provide the
necessary facilities and services to make such practices as convenient as possible.
Emissions Reductions - Food waste produces more methane per wet ton than most other
municipal solid waste materials. If [Jurisdiction] reduced the amount of food waste that is sent to
the landfill by 1 ton, the community would prevent approximately 1.09 tons of C02e from
entering the atmosphere.
4.3.3 Adopt an ordinance that increases the recycling of construction and demolition
debris (if not already adopted).
Importance/Context - Construction and demolition (C&D) debris represents a significant portion
of the total waste stream in Alameda - up to 21 %. In fact, a typical residential home produces
approximately 17,000 pounds of C&D waste. C&D waste generally consists of wood, drywall,
metal, concrete, dirt and cardboard. Once it is sent to the landfill, the organic materials break
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
36
~ ~!:'3
down and emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Recycling C&D waste not only keeps it from
ending up in the landfill, but also reduces the upstream energy consumption that would occur to
manufacture new construction materials.
Implementation Scenario - Implement a C&D ordinance that requires contractors to divert at
least 50 percent oftheir construction waste materials from the landfill.
Emissions Reductions - An average 2,000 square foot home produces approximately 17,000 Ibs
of C&D waste. If 50% of an average home's C&D debris is not sent to the landfill, and the
organic materials make up 47%, then approximately 1,200 Ibs of COze is prevented from entering
the atmosphere.
4.3.4 Implement a duplex copying/printing policy in municipal office buildings.
Importance/Context - One simple but effective way to reduce the amount of paper that the
municipal government uses (and save money) is to implement a two-sided copying policy.
Printing double-sided reduces the amount of upstream energy necessary to produce and transport
new paper. Additionally, trees and water are conserved and polluted effluents that result from
virgin paper manufacturing are also reduced.
Implementation Scenario - Set all municipal-owned printers to "double-sided" as the default
mode. Set a goal of saving at least 1,000,000 sheets of paper (2000 reams) in a year.
Emissions Reductions -For every 1,000,000 sheets of paper saved per year, the jurisdiction will
reduce the associated emissions (upstream energy consumption and decomposition in landfill) by
approximately 1.9 tons COze.
This policy will only be successful if individual office managers and administrative staff are
educated on the importance and benefits of duplex copying and printing.
4.3.5 Reduce Landscape Waste by Taking AdvantageofStopWaste.Org's Bay-Friendly
Landscaping Program and Adopting a Bay-Friendly Landscaping Ordinance
Importance/Context Bay-Friendly landscaping is an integrated solution that fosters soil health,
conserves water, reduces waste, and reduces the emissions that cause global warming. Through
the Bay-Friendly Landscaping Program, StopWaste.Org provides training, landscape design
assistance and grant funding to local governments in Alameda County. The objective of the
resources that StopWaste.Org provides is to assist local governments to design public landscapes
that cost less to maintain, consume fewer resources, send less waste to the landfill and do not
negatively impact the Bay.
Bay-Friendly Landscaping practices described below not only serve to reduce the emissions that
cause global warming, but provide many additional benefits as well. Trees, for example, provide
habitat for birds, beautify urban areas, increase property values, and help to control stormwater
runoff. Shade trees also reduce the need for air conditioning thereby cutting energy costs.
Selecting appropriate plants that require less shearing reduce the need for running various pieces
of equipment. This not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but reduces local air and noise
pollution as well.
Additionally, keeping lawn and plant clippings on site improves soils. Grass-cycling, mulching
and using compost creates healthier landscapes without the use of synthetic pesticides and
fertilizers, all of which can help reduce water pollution.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
37
4015'
Implementation Scenario - Adopt an integrated Bay-Friendly /Green Building ordinance (or if
your jurisdiction already has a green building ordinance, a stand alone bay friendly landscaping
ordinance) that requires new public landscapes and buildings to be designed and built in a
resource-efficient manner. Apply Bay-Friendly Landscaping techniques to all public green
spaces. In partnership with StopWaste.Org, encourage residents and landscape professionals to
do the same by placing educational resources on the local government website and by giving
recognition to Bay-Friendly Landscapes in the community. Build municipal capacity to use
sustainable landscaping techniques by sending public landscape maintenance professionals to
Bay-Friendly Landscaping maintenance training. Local government staff can apply Bay-Friendly
Landscaping techniques to public spaces as well as assist in educating residents and landscape
professionals on the benefits of a well-designed and maintained landscape. Incorporate Bay-
Friendly Landscaping practices into new or renovated medians, including the use of drip
irrigation systems, a diverse plant pallet to resist pests, and reducing turf and sheared hedges.
A Bay-Friendly Landscape can reduce labor and fuel costs as well as waste disposal fees and
ongoing maintenance and water costs.
Resource Savings - According to the California Integrated Waste Management Board
(CIWMB), yard trimmings are one of the largest components of municipal waste in California. In
Alameda County in the year 2000, 110,000 tons of plant debris were sent to the landfill.
Bay-Friendly Landscaping practices constitute an integrated, conscious approach to reducing this
waste. These practices include selecting low water using native or Mediterranean plants;
keeping plant debris and grass clippings on site; nurturing the soil by using mulch and compost;
minimizing lawn size; and planting trees strategically to moderate temperatures.
Such practices not only reduce waste, but also reduce costs and resource consumption by
reducing the need for irrigation, and the need for energy intensive fertilizers and pesticides.
Nitrogen fertilizers release nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere. Using
compost reduces the need for nitrogen fertilizers by at least 20 percent. These practices also
restore the soil's ability to absorb and filter water, reducing runoff into local creeks.
Emissions Reductions - Bay-Friendly Landscaping reduces greenhouse gas emissions in the
following ways:
i. By reducing the tonnage of yard trimmings being sent to the landfill where it breaks down and
releases methane
ii. By keeping yard trimmings on site, thereby eliminating the need to transport waste to the
landfill. In this case, it's the transportation that is the source of greenhouse gas emissions.
iii. By avoiding fuel consumption due to running trimming and mowing equipment, which
necessitates the burning of gasoline.
iv. By requiring less irrigation. Reducing water usage reduces that amount of energy it takes to
irrigate lawns.
v. By reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides. The use of compost and mulch can
reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizers by at least 20% (IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001,
Section 3.7.2.3) Nitrogen fertilizer and pesticide consumption require significant energy
consumption in their production. In addition, nitrogen fertilizer use contributes to the release of
nitrous oxide, a particularly damaging greenhouse gas. The use of such fertilizers and pesticides
also contaminate local water sources through storm water runoff. This strategy addresses both
local air and water quality issues.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for ClimateProtection
38
41 ~5,~
vi. By strategically using trees to moderate temperatures rather than having to rely on electricity
and/or natural gas for cooling and heating.
vii. By selecting plants that require less shearing, by reducing lawn size, or by keeping grass
clippings on site through grass-cycling, a local government can potentially avoid sending as
many as 8 tons of yard waste per acre every year to the landfill. The greenhouse gas emissions
avoided by eliminating this waste from the landfill, where it breaks down and releases methane,
equals approximately 2.5 tons of C02e per acre per year.
viii. By keeping green waste on site, the local government is also reducing the greenhouse gas
emissions that result from transporting the waste to the landfill. Transporting waste in heavy
trucks requires energy and results in greenhouse gas emissions. The gallons of fuel saved by not
having to annually transport 8 tons of waste per acre to the landfill results in a greenhouse gas
emission reduction of approximately 1.15 tons of C02e.
ix. In addition, appropriate plant species and appropriately sized lawns demand less shearing and
mowing, conserving the fuel that is necessary to run trimmers and mowers. Assuming a
significant reduction in time spent mowing and trimming Bay-Friendly Landscapes, a landscape
professional can reduce equivalent carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 315 pounds of
C02e per acre per year, by avoiding the consumption of 15 gallons of gasoline per acre oflawn.
x. Appropriate plant species and appropriately sized lawns also demand less water. Coupled with
using compost and mulch, which can increase soil permeability and water-holding capacity, these
Bay-Friendly practices reduce greenhouse gas emissions by reducing water usage, thereby saving
the energy consumed to irrigate lawns. According to the California Energy Commission 3,950
kWh are consumed per 1 million gallons of water supplied in Northern California (water cycle
energy intensity). Sustainable landscaping practices can reduce water demand by up to 50%. The
current water usage for landscaping in California Coastal Zones (such as San Francisco Bay
Area) is about 55,000 gal/year/single family lawn. With a 50% reduction in water demand in the
whole Alameda County the cut in energy use will be equivalent to a reduction of 9,450 tons C02e
per year or 54 lbs of C02e per year per single family lawn.
xi. Another way in which to achieve energy conservation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions
through landscaping practices is by planting trees. Strategically planting trees is a relatively easy
way to address the urban heat island effect and to lower the amount of energy and money
consumed to heat and cool buildings.
On hot summer days, cities can be up to eight degrees Fahrenheit hotter than their suburban and
rural surroundings. This phenomenon, the Urban Heat Island effect, occurs because urban
development results in large amounts of paved and dark colored surfaces such as roofs, roads, and
parking lots that absorb and store energy causing the surface and ambient air temperatures to rise.
Shading buildings and paved surfaces serves to reduce this effect in a way that does not
necessitate energy consumption.
In addition to reducing air temperature around a building, the shade from well-placed trees keeps
air conditioning units cooler and running more efficiently. A single tree can reduce annual air
conditioning use by as much as 8% (300 kWh for an average home). As such, a building with a
shaded air conditioner releases approximately 147 fewer 1bs of C02e then a building that does not
have trees as part of its landscape.
To most effectively conserve energy and reduce emissions, plant trees on the east and west sides
of the buildings. West shading is most important because peak demand for energy occurs in the
afternoon when the sun shines on the west face of buildings and overall ambient temperatures are
higher. Avoid shading on the southern sides of buildings to allow for the winter sun to penetrate
and heat the building. See the diagram below for tips on where to strategically plant trees around
a building. Identify source of diagram.
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
39
~.~ 3
.r
A number of Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines and publications are available for download
from www.BayFriendlv.org
Also see ICLEI's Urban Forestry Toolkit to learn more about the potential for trees to help local
governments conserve energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The toolkit is available at
www.iclei.org/usa.
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4.3.6 Encourage new home developments to be GreenPoint Rated by adopting a
residential green building ordinance.
Although not traditionally thought of as a waste management strategy, green buildings play a
significant role in reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills. Construction and demolition
debris comprise up to 30% of all materials disposed of in California's landfills, and over 21 % of
materials disposed of in Alameda County. Many of these materials have green house gas
implications once landfilled -from both the process of organic materials breaking down in the
landfill and producing methane and other green house gasses, and the energy needed to produce
more building materials from raw materials (as opposed to recycling the waste to be used for
feedstock in new materials). It is because of these reasons that we place green buildings in this
section.
Importance/Context - GreenPoint Rated is a green building
program administered by the non-profit organization Build It
Green (BIG), located in Berkeley, California. GreenPoint
Rated was conceived of and developed with assistance from
the Green Building Program in Alameda County
(Stop Waste.Org).
The GreenPoints guidelines and rating system, begun in
2000, has grown rapidly and is becoming a standard for
green residential home construction and major renovation projects throughout the State of
California. The GreenPoints system is comprised of five related categories: energy efficiency,
resource conservation, indoor air quality, water conservation, and community, all of which are
important to the practice of green building. In order to meet the GreenPoints criteria, a home must
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
40
CfJ~1~ .3
obtain at least 50 points and meet minimum point thresholds in each of the five point categories.
Homes are evaluated by a third-party professional rater. Once a residence is verified to meet the
criteria for a GreenPoint home, BIG issues a certificate to the builder which can be used for
marketing purposes.
GreenPoint Rated homes achieve greenhouse gas emissions reductions from, among other
practices, solid waste management measures such as Bay-Friendly Landscaping and recycling of
C&D debris; increased energy efficiency; utilizing renewable energy; and conserving water both
inside and outside the home.
Implementation Scenario - Cities can encourage green building by adopting the Alameda
County Residential Green Building Guidelines and GreenPoint Rating System as the recognized
green building standard for their jurisdiction. Cities can consider offering incentives to
developers for achieving GreenPoint Rated homes and Bay-Friendly landscapes, such as
expedited permitting processes, reduced fees, or other rewards.
Emissions Reductions - For the purposes of this report, we have calculated model COze
reductions for building a new GreenPoint Rated home. The new home is assumed to be located in
a suburban residential development, of approximately 2,200 square feet. Our model home is
conservatively estimated to save about 7 percent of annual operating energy through efficient
design and equipment, will receive roughly 50 percent of its energy through renewable sources
(photovoltaics and a solar hot water system), recycle 50% of construction and demolition waste,
conserve 12,500 gallons of water per year indoors, conserve about 28,000 gallons per year per
simple family lawn from landscape irrigation, and follow Bay-Friendly Landscaping practices in
a 1,000 square foot garden. The resulting emissions reduction values are for illustrative purposes
only; actual homes will differ in their savings.
The following table lists the categories where green house gas reductions have occurred in our
model home: energy efficient design, energy efficient equipment selection, renewable energy
generation, water conservation indoors, Bay-Friendly landscape practices, and solid waste
management. (Please see Appendix D for a detailed explanation of calculations and
assumptions).
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
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Table 0: Emissions Reductions from a Model GreenPoint Rated New Home
Solid Waste Management
Recycled 50% of construction and demolition waste
Energy Efficient Design
Effective insulation installation, ductwork design and
placement, appropriate overhang design
Energy Efficient Equipment
ENERGY STAR qualified appliances throughout
Renewable Energy Generation
2.4 kW photovoltaic system and solar hot water system
Indoor Water Conservation
Install water saving appliances, high efficiency toilets,
and low-flow faucets & showers
Bay-Friendly Landscape
Select appropriate plants, reduce lawn size, and keep
plant debris on site
Total- Equivalent Lbs of COze saved per new home
Total- Equivalent Tons of COze saved per new home
1200 lbs
650lbs
720 lbs
2,250 lbs
24 bs
1271bs
4,971
2.5
4.3.7 Build LEED-certified municipal buildings and encourage LEED on private commercial
developments.
Importance/Context - A civic building that receives a high rating from the U.S. Green Building
Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating System can save
resources and reduce emissions through a range of measures, including: recycling 50% of its
construction waste, the design and selection of energy efficient equipment, conserving water
inside and out, adhering to Bay-Friendly Landscaping guidelines, encouraging alternative
transportation options, and establishing "green" cleaning and purchasing policies.
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certification provides independent,
third-party verification that a building project meets the highest performance standards. LEED-
certified buildings are awarded a plaque by the U.S. Green Building Council that is recognized
nationwide as proof that a building is environmentally responsible, profitable, and a healthy place
to live and work.15 LEED certification can be applied to every building type and phase of a
building lifecycle. The LEED rating system assigns point values according to buildings'
environmental design, construction and performance. LEED recognizes building performance in
the areas of human and environmental health; sustainable site development; water savings; energy
efficiency; materials selection; and indoor environmental quality.
Implementation Scenario - Cities can encourage municipal green building by adopting a joint
green building/Bay-Friendly landscape ordinance for all public projects over a certain size or
dollar threshold. Further, cities should adopt the Bay-Friendly Landscape Guidelines and
Gardening Guide, and the LEED Reference Guides as they may be amended from time to time, as
IS Visit www.usgbc.org for more information on LEED.
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City reference documents. To implement the ordinance, City staff should be directed to explore
incentives to encourage use of the LEEDTM Rating Systems and Bay-Friendly Guidelines by
private developers of construction projects within the City.
Emissions Reductions - To illustrate how multiple green building measures can be implemented
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve other resource savings, we have calculated the
results from building a moderately sized, 8,500 square foot LEED-certified fire station. In this
scenario, the building was designed and constructed with durability, energy efficiency, cost
effectiveness, and occupant comfort in mind (For more on the scenario below, please see
Appendix A for a detailed explanation of calculations and assumptions).
The construction of the fire station diverted over 75% of waste through recycling and reuse. Our
model fire station is designed to exceed California's energy code by 30 percent. Efficient
lighting, heating and cooling equipment contribute to the lowering operating energy.
Commissioning of the building, a requirement for LEED certification, also saves energy by
uncovering construction errors and providing oversight on operating the building as efficiently as
possible. The model fire station also includes a small photovoltaic system that produces about
10% of the electricity needed by the fire station. Indoor water conservation measures save over
60,000 gallons of water per year, resulting in emissions reduction due to the energy used to treat
and convey water in northern California. Finally, our model fire station had a large landscaped
area of 2.25 acres that were assumed to be designed and maintained to the Bay-Friendly
Landscape standards.
Table 0: Emissions Reductions from a Model LEED-Certified Fire Station
Building Commissioning
Energy Savings
Solid Waste Management
Recycled 75% of construction and demolition waste
Energy Efficient Design & Equipment
Energy efficient equipment and appliances
Renewable Energy Generation
12.8 kW photovoltaic system
Water Conservation
Indoor and outdoor water savings
Bay-Friendly Landscape
Select appropriate plants, reduce lawn size, and keep
plant debris on site
Total- Equivalent Tons of COz saved
1.8 Tons
12.4 Tons
8 Tons
4 Tons
1.4 Tons
6.2 Tons
33.8 Tons
When implemented together, our model Fire Station account for greenhouse gas emissions
reductions equivalent to over 33 tons of COze in one year.
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Jd~
B
4.3.8 Other Municipal Solid Waste Management Measures
. Adopt an environmental purchasing policy for municipal purchases which addresses the
areas of recycled content, recyclability, energy and water efficiency and toxicity.
StopWaste.Org has a model policy available for municipal adoption. Purchasing recycled
content and recyclable products contributes to less energy consumed in the manufacture,
transport and disposal of virgin products. It is estimated that 30% of waste going to the
landfill consists of packaging. Greenhouse gases are released in the production and
transport of non-recyclable packages to the consumer and to the landfill. An EPP policy
will encourage suppliers of municipal products to reduce packaging as well as to provide
products in recyclable, recycled content packaging.
· Increase promotion of residential co-collection of green and food waste. Since the
addition of food waste into green waste carts is a relatively new program, it needs
additional outreach and promotional efforts. Organics such as food waste, paper and
green waste are the most problematic materials in the landfill in terms of greenhouse gas
production.
. Promote Multi-family recycling.
4.3.9 Summary of Municipal Solid Waste Management Measures
To illustrate the importance of solid waste management strategies to combat climate change, the
following table summarizes a suite of measures a city can undertake to reduce emissions.
Table 0: Summary of Emissions Reductions from Waste Management Practices
Duplex copying and printing (office paper) 2,000 reams 1.9 Tons
Recycle plastic film (LDPE) 1 ton 1.9 tons
Recycle paper (mixed general) 1 ton 4.3 tons
Reusable transportation package Each reusable pallet 800 lbs
instead a wood pallet
Recycled/reuse cardboard boxes 1 tons of cardboard 3.87 tons
Compost food scraps 10 tons 10.9 tons
Bay-Friendly landscaping on civic grounds 100 acres 250 tons
Implement a Construction & Demolition 200 new homes 120 tons
Recycling Ordinance (50% Diversion)
Build a LEED-Certified Civic Building 8,500 sf firestation 33.8 tons
Build GreenPoint Rated Homes with BFL 200 new homes 500 tons
Practices
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5. Summary of Emissions Reduction Measures
Based on the emissions reductions estimated to be achieved since [base year} through the above
proposed measures, and the contribution of the existing measures [Jurisdiction} will have to
reduce X tons of C02e emissions in the community, including at least Y tons of C02e emissions
from municipal operations, in order to achieve our emissions reduction target.
Table () : [Jurisdiction] Emissions Summa
Source CACP Model Output
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VIL Measures Implemented External to [Jurisdiction}
In addition to emissions reduction measures implemented within our community, the effects of
measures recently implemented at the state level also deserve consideration in the context of our
greenhouse gas emissions inventory. These measures have not been integrated into the estimated
emissions reductions for {Jurisdiction} above because they are imposed from outside of the
community and their creation and enforcement is beyond our control. {Jurisdiction} is committed
to meeting our emissions reduction target without relying on externally imposed policies.
However, we feel it is appropriate to have a sense for how emissions reductions achieved due to
external policies may compare with the work we are engaging in within our community. [Note
that ICLEI does not advocate counting these externally imposed emissions reductions toward the
local emissions reduction target.]
In California, numerous policies have been adopted by the state legislature or governor that either
are currently or are projected to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
In 1989, AB 939 established the current organization, structure and mission of the California
Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB). The purpose was to direct attention to the
increasing waste stream and decreasing landfill capacity, and to mandate a reduction of waste
being disposed. Jurisdictions were required to meet diversion goals of 25% by 1995 and 50% by
the year 2000. A disposal reporting system was established with CIWMB oversight, facility and
program planning was required, and cities and counties began to address their waste problems.
In 2002, the California Senate passed SB 1 078 requiring public utilities to gradually increase the
percentage of their energy supply generated from renewable sources, reaching 20 percent
renewable content by 2017. This means that, over time, a larger and larger share of the energy
electrifying homes and businesses in {Jurisdiction} will be generated with clean power. If this
policy is fully enacted, we expect this change to decrease community emissions by
approximately X percent and municipal emissions by Y percent from baseline levels.
Nationwide, automobile manufacturers are bound by fuel efficiency standards set by the
Department of Transportation. These standards, known as the Corporate Average Fuel Economy
(or "CAFE") standards, require that the fleet of passenger cars sold by any single manufacturer
have an average fuel economy of 27.5 mpg - the same standard that was in place in 1985, despite
technical progress and increased understanding of the environmental impacts of fossil fuel
combustion. The CAFE standards are adopted at the federal level, and states are prevented from
passing laws addressing vehicle fuel economy. In response to these stagnant federal standards, the
California Assembly passed AB 1493, which allows the California Air Resources Board to create
carbon dioxide emissions standards for cars sold in California. They argue that a greenhouse gas
emissions standard is distinct from a fuel economy standard, despite the fact that it would
necessitate improved gas mileage. If the bill goes into law, by the year 2015 the reduction in fuel
consumption will reduce community emissions in [Jurisdiction} by X percent and municipal
emissions by Y percent compared to the base year.
This legislation is currently being challenged in court by car manufacturers, who suggest that the
state is interfering with the federal CAFE standards. Therefore, the [City/Town/County} should
not consider these reductions to be definite, and should consider opportunities to collaborate with
higher levels of government to increase automobile fuel economy standards.
Executive Order S-20-04 was signed July 27,2004 and directs the state to commit to aggressive
actions to reduce state building electricity usage by implementing cost-effective energy efficiency
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
46
and green building strategies. To this end, the Order directs all facilities owned, funded or leased
by the state (and encourages cities, counties and schools as well) to take measures to reduce grid-
based energy purchases for state-owned buildings by 20% by 2015. This is to be done through
cost-effective efficiency measures and distributed generation technologies. These measures
include designing, constructing and operating all new and renovated state-owned facilities paid
for with state funds as "LEED Silver" or higher certified buildings, seeking out office space
leases in buildings with a U.S. EPA ENERGY STAR rating, and purchasing or operating
ENERGY STAR electrical equipment whenever cost-effective.
In 2006, Governor Schwarzenegger signed AB 32 - the Global Warming Solutions Act - into
law. AB 32 institutes a mandatory limit on greenhouse gas emissions. The limit will be set to
achieve the target of reducing statewide emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. The bill
directs the California Air Resources Board (CARB) to establish a mandatory emissions reporting
system to track and monitor emissions levels and to develop a wide range of compliance options
and enforcement mechanisms.
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VIII. Conclusion
Climate change is an issue of growing concern for communities across the United States and
around the world. The [city/town/county} of [Jurisdiction} has displayed great leadership and
foresight in choosing to confront this issue now. By reducing the amount of greenhouse gases
emitted by our community, [Jurisdiction} joins hundreds of other American cities in stemming
the tide of global warming and the numerous threats associated with it, such as increasingly
severe weather events, disrupted agricultural systems and rising sea levels.
In addition to mitigating the destabilization of the climate and associated effects, [Jurisdiction}
stands to benefit in many other ways from the proposed measures outlined in this report.
[Summarize co-benefits associated with existing and proposed measures, such as financial
savings, efficiency, reduced local air pollution and associated health benefits, reduced traffic,
etc.]
Meeting [Jurisdiction} 's reduction target will require both persistence and adaptability. [This is a
good place to outline follow-up plans and next steps, e.g. City Council check-in meeting at a
certain date, re-evaluation of Action Plan at a certain date, etc.]
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IX. Guide for Future Steps
A. Administration and Staffing
[A key element of an effective emissions reduction action plan is assigning and defining
management responsibilities for each of the plan's the individual components. These assignments
can be specified in the above section focused on proposed emissions reduction measures.
Wherever possible, leverage relationships and responsibilities already in place to most
seamlessly fold the Climate Action Plan into the context of existing workloads. Describe your
general plan for administration and staffing of your Jurisdiction's climate protection efforts in
this section.)
[An appropriate staff person within your local government should be assigned overall
responsibility for coordinating the implementation of this Climate Action Plan. The staff person
and department responsible will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. It is often a good idea to
establish an interdepartmental committee to ensure effective communication and coordination
between those responsible for the program's various elements.)
[Ensure that there will be adequate resources to implement your Climate Action Plan, including
funding and adequate staff or outside assistance. If it is necessary to add staff or outside
assistance, the Plan should acknowledge this. One possible way to use existing resources more
effectively might be to use volunteers or interns from the community to gather information or
perform public outreach. Protecting the environment is an issue that appeals to many well-
informed citizens.)
[The Climate Action Plan is an opportunity to renew and reinforce your local government's
commitment to existing programs and projects that have the effect of reducing GHG emissions.
By identifYing them as key elements in your Climate Action Plan, measures that may, for one
reason or another, have been languishing on the back burner can be brought back to life. Ensure
that all measures are implemented fully.)
B. Financing and Budgeting
[Some emissions reduction opportunities, such as adding more buses or installing a regional
light rail system, may require significant up-front investment, whereas others, such as adjusting
automatic lighting schedules in municipal facilities or enabling power saving features on existing
office equipment may require little or no funding. Describe your plan for securing funding for the
implementation of emissions reduction measures in this section.)
[Consider opportunities to secure financial resources within the context of the existing municipal
budget. Parking revenues, for instance, might be used to pay for alternative transit improvements,
on the grounds that these improvements reduce parking demand. Energy-saving community
measures might be funded via fees assessed through utility bills, building permits, etc. Incentives
may be available from local utilities or other regional, state or federal agencies. Some measures
might also be accomplished at little or no initial cost via contracting with an energy service
contractor.)
C. Developing a Timeline
[The schedule for implementing this Climate Action Plan should be established to enable your
Jurisdiction to achieve its emissions reduction targets by the target year. It must be practical,
[Jurisdiction] Action Plan for Climate Protection
49
taking into account the administrative, political, technical, and other issues your Jurisdiction will
face in getting programs up and running. It must allow time for stakeholder involvement in each
phase as appropriate. Yet it should also contain significant near-term steps, pushing your
Jurisdiction to build from the momentum created by releasing this plan. Consider emphasizing
progress on low-hanging fruit first, allowing time to lay the groundwork for more complicated
projects.}
D. Public Involvement in the Implementation Process
[The process of implementing many of the proposed measures in this Climate Action Plan will
necessitate the involvement of community stakeholders, including the public at large. Explore
opportunities to involve these stakeholders in.the development, review and implementation of this
Plan to increase community involvement and support. Document intended strategies to increase
public involvement in this section.}
E. Monitoring
[Establish a system for monitoring the implementation of your Climate Action Plan and adjusting
the plan as opportunities arise. Adjust energy and waste savings numbers from proposed
measures in your emissions tracking software as projects are implemented and actual savings are
documented. Incorporate greenhouse gas emissions reduction progress into other reports your
Jurisdiction is already producing. Use this section to describe how monitoring will be
accomplished.}
F. Re-Inventory
[All Jurisdictions are encouraged to re-inventory their greenhouse gas emissions on a regular
basis (e.g., every year or every few years). The process of conducting a re-inventory will allow
you to demonstrate progress toward local emissions reduction targets and identifY opportunities
to integrate new or improved measures into your emissions reduction plan. Describe how the re-
inventory process will be institutionalized (e.g., frequency, responsibilities) in your community in
this section.}
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List of Appendix
A. Inventory Summary Reports,
Data Sources, Assumptions and Notes for the Municipal, Community Inventory and
Forecast of your Jurisdiction
B. List of Proposed GHG Emission Reduction Measures
C. ABAG's Smart Growth Checklist
D. Assumptions and Calculations
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