HomeMy WebLinkAboutItem 4.07 SitingIgnitionFaciltyLivrmrLab (2)
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CITY OF DUBLIN
AGENDA STATEMENT
CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: October 3, 1994
SUBJECf:
Siting of the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory
1!:fJ (Prepared by: Bo Barker, Management Assistant)
EXHIBITS ATTACHED: 1. / Resolution supporting the siting of the Ignition Facility at
{') I W. ' Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
~2. / Excerpt from the Conceptual Design Report Executive Summary
RECOMMENDATION:
Adopt the Resolution and direct staff to forward it the Secretary of
Energy.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT: None
DESCRIPTION: Over the last 10 years the United States Department of Energy has been
studying the concept of Internal Confinement Fusion (lCF). In simplistic terms, ICF uses laser beams
directed at specific target that, when ignited, creates a strong energy source. An excerpt from the
Conceptual Design Report Executive Summary is included as Exhibit 2. The Department of Energy
has completed numerous steps in this process and is now considering the construction of a National
Ignition Facility.
The siting of a facility at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory would bring a large scale project to the
East Bay providing jobs and other economic benefits. In an attempt to persuade the Department of
Energy to locate the facility at Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, it has been suggested that East Bay
cities send resolutions of support to the Secretary of Energy.
It is recommended the City Council adopt a resolution in support of locating the National Ignition
Facility at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and forward it to the Secretary of Energy.
COPIES TO:
CITY CLERK
FILE ~
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RESOLUTION NO. - 94
A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL
OF THE CITY OF DUBLIN
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IN SUPPORT OF THE NATIONAL IGNITION
FACILITY AT THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LABORATORY
WHEREAS, the proposed u.s. Department of Energy's National Ignition Facility will play
essential roles in safeguarding the nation's security and in the development of a clean, limitless energy
supply; and
WHEREAS, the State of California, and the Bay Area have been economically impacted by
defense reductions including significant base closures and are lagging significantly behind the rest of
the nation in economic recovery; and
WHEREAS, the National Ignition Facility project will provide a significant economic incentive
to the region and the State with a broad spectrum of jobs and business for California's high technology
businesses; and
WHEREAS, the U.S. Department of Energy and its Laboratories are integral to the local, Bay
Area and California business economy, and that the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a
vital and valuable resource for the Tri-Valley area in particular; and
WHEREAS, the National Ignition Facility will be important in sustaining the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory as an outstanding national, state, regional and local scientific,
technological and education resource.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the City Council of the City of Dublin urges the
U.S. Department of Energy to construct and operate the National Ignition Facility at the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory.
PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED this 3rd day of October, 1994
AYES:
NOES:
ABSENT:
ABSTAIN:
Mayor
ATTEST:
City Clerk
EXHIBIT .1.
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National Ignition Facility
-Conceptual Design Report
Executive Summary
August 1994
192 Beam
NIF ~
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Contents
1. Introduction. ... .............. ........................... .............................. ............. ...... .......................... 1
2. Benefits.................................................. .............................................................................. 1
2.1 Science and Technology ........ ............................................... ............... ..................... 1
2.2 Industrial Competitiveness .. ..... .................................... .......................... ................ 2
2.3 Energy Resources ...... ..... ..... ... ...'.......................... ......... ..... ... ... ............... ................... 2
2.4 National Security ....... ........ ..... ..... ................................. ............. ................................ 2
3. Background..................................................... ...................................................... .............. 3
4. NIP Conceptual Design.............. .................................. ...... ............. ............. ................ ..... 4
4.1 Laser System. ................... ............. ........................... .............. ..... .......... ...... ............... 4
4.2 Target Area ..... ..... ........... ............................................ ... ...... ...................................... 9
4.3 Integrated Computer Control................................... ....................... ....................... 13
4.4 Laser and Target Area Building .............................................................................. 14
5. Other Project Activities....... ................ ..................... ...... ................... ..... ............. .............. 15
6. Method of Accomplislunent .. ............ ...................................... ............. ...... ..................... 16
6.1 Management.. ..... ...... ............. ...... .................................. ... ...................................... .... 16
6.2 Criteria............................................ ............................................................................ 16
6.3 Project Participants ... ..... ..... .......................................... ... ........ ....... .............. ............ 18
6.4 Work Breakdown ........ ............ ................................. .....'.......................... .................. 18
7 . Schedule and Cost ...... ..................... ........... ............. ......................... .......... ....................... 19
8. The NIP Conceptual Design Report ................................................................................ 21
References ................................................................................................................................ 22
A tlachnmen t ....................................................... ..... ................................................... ........... .. A-I
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1. Introduction
The mission of the National Ignition Facility (NIP) Project is to provide an
aboveground experimental facility capable of achieving fusion ignition for maintaining
nuclear competence and weapons effects simulation, furthering the development of
inertial fusion energy, and supporting the development of high energy-density physics.
The NIP will utilize solid-state lasers as the energy driver. In this facility, a large num-
ber of laser beams will be focused onto a small target located at the center of a spherical
target chamber; the energy from the laser beams will be deposited in a few billionths of
a second. The target will then implode, forcing atomic nuclei to sufficiently high tem-
perature and density necessary to achieve a miniature fusion reaction.
A conceptual design for the NIP has been prepared and documented by a
multilaboratory team within the Department of Energy's National Inertial Confinement
Fusion Program. The team included personnel from Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Uni-
versity of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics.
2. Benefits
Rapid and major progress has been made in the last few years in all areas of inertial
confinement fusion (ICF) science and engineering. The NIP will provide the vital capa-
bility necessary to accomplish the next ICF scientific plateau-fusion ignition and
energy gain. Reaching this plateau earlyin the twenty-first century will maintain U.S.
world leadership in ICF and will benefit four of the DOE's businesses: Science and
Technology, Industrial Competitiveness, Energy Resources, and National Security. The
NIP will integrate civil, commercial, and security research, while being consistent with
DOE goals for Environmental Quality.
2.1 Science and Technology
The NIP will produce conditions in matter similar to the center of the sun and stars.
New, diagnosable, high-energy-density regimes will be accessible in the laboratory for
the first time. Thousands of university and laboratory scientists and students all over
the world will benefit from international collaborations on leading-edge research in
laser-matter interactions; astrophysics; properties of matter at extremely high tempera-
tures, pressures, and densities; hydrodynamics; atomic and radiative physics; x-ray
lasers for biological imaging; materials sciences; nonlinear optics; x-ray sources for
semiconductor materials processing; advanced accelerator concepts; computational
physics; and laser and plasma diagnostics. The recent declassification of virtually all of
the ICF concepts will foster participation by the general scientific community.
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2.2 Industrial Competitiveness
The NIP will spur world-class industrial capabilities in low-cost, large-scale preci-
sion optics manufacturing; advanced laser technology; laser and plasma materials
processing; low-cost, rapid crystal-growth technology; micromachining methods; x-ray
lithography technologies; and a variety of advanced instrumentation such as ultrahigh-
speed electronics and photonics. Commercial impacts will include large flat-panel
displays, advanced computers, new materials, and flexible and cost-effective laser-
based manufacturing. The laboratories of the national ICF program have already won
24 cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs), totaling over $160M,
in microelectronics, microphotonics, advanced manufacturing technologies, biotechnol-
ogy, environmental, and other fields.
The NIF construction project will invest approximately one billion dollars in the u.s.
economy over a seven-year period. Seventy-five percent of this investment will be
placed in industry, adding 1100 jobs and providing industrial stimulus in critical tech-
nologies. Small, minority owned, and/or disadvantaged businesses are uniquely posi-
tioned to benefit along with major U.S. companies. As the world's largest optical instru-
ment, the NIP can boost the U.S. precision optics industry into a position of world
leadership.
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2.3 Energy Resources
The NIF will provide critical data on fusion ignition and gain that will enable scien-
tific evaluation of inertial fusion energy (IFE) as one of two fusion energy options (the
other is magnetic fusion energy) called for in the National Energy Policy Act of 1992.1
Inertial fusion data from the NIF and magnetic fusion data from the Tokamak Physics
Experiment and the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will determine
the scientific feasibility of the two fusion energy options. Developing fusion energy will
help promote u.s. world leadership in providing new energy technologies that reduce
the adverse environmental impacts associated with energy production, and will also
reduce our nation's dependence on 9i1.
2.4 National Security
The NIP will support the National Security vision of reducing the global nuclear
danger by becoming a cornerstone of the science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program.
In a public address on July 3, 1993, President Clinton said "To assure that our nuclear
deterrent remains unquestioned under a test ban, we will explore other means of main-
taining our confidence in the safety, the reliability, and the performance of our own
weapons." The NIF is a major component of these other means. The same high energy-
density capabilities described above will allow the study of many basic physical pro-
cesses that occur inside nuclear weapons. The NIP, along with other facilities, will
enable weapons scientists to maintain the expertise and computational tools necessary
to contribute to the U.s. nonproliferation activities and to ensure that the remaining
stockpile remains safe, secure, and reliable-without nuclear testing. Most NIP experi-
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ments will examine fundamental physics and therefore will be unclassified. An early
NIP start is important because the nation's expertise in nuclear weapons science has
been declining since 1989. The NIP can help maintain national recognition of the DOE
as the pre-eminent research and development organization. Building the NIP for these
purposes was recommended by the National Academy of Sciences2 and the Inertial
Confinement Fusion Advisory Committee.3
3. Background
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The early history of the U.S. ICF Program and its deployment of successively larger
and more powerful laser drivers for target irradiation experiments culminated in the
Nova system (1984) at LLNL and the Omega system (1985) at the University of Roches-
ter Laboratory for Laser Energetics. During the mid-1980s, the ICF community pro-
posed a 200-1000 MJ yield laboratory microfusion facility (LMF) to support Defense
Programs. Early studies indicated that the LMF would require a 5-10 MJ driver.
In 1985, the DOE established a National Academy of Sciences committee chaired by
Dr. William Happer, Professor of Physics at Princeton University, to review the national
ICF program. The committee concluded that research for several more years was re-
quired to support an LMF-scale project. In 1989, Mr. Troy Wade, Assistant Secretary for
Defense Programs, testified to Congress that the ICF program had progressed much
more rapidly than the Happer Committee or anyone else anticipated in 1985. Conse-
quently, Congress (in the FY89 Authorization and Appropriation bills) mandated a
review of the ICF program. In response, the DOE established a secorid National Acad-
emy of Sciences Inertial Confinement Fusion review committee chaired by Dr. Steven
Koonin, Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology. That committee
met over a two-year period and in 1990 recommended that an intermediate-size, less
costly fusion ignition facility be considered as the next step, and that it be built as part
of a national, interlaboratory program. The committee also recommended that the
ignition facility utilize a solid-state laser driver, since it was the only near-term technol-
ogy available that could achieve igI1ition.
Concurrently, the DOE Fusion Policy Advisory Committee recommended (in 1990)
that an Inertial Fusion Energy Program be started within the Office of Fusion Energy
and an intermediate-size (1-2 MJ) facility be constructed to demonstrate ignition and
modest gain prior to authorizing a full-scale LMF. In February 1991, Secretary of Energy
Admiral James D. Watkins sent a letter to the House Committee on Science, Space, and
Technology concurring with the major recommendations of the National Academy of
Sciences review.
Heeding the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences report, the DOE
established a standing Inertial Confinement Fusion Advisory Committee in 1992. The
committee met in December 1992 to consider the status of Novatechnical progress and
recommended to the Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs that DOE proceed with
Key Decision 0 (KDO). In January 1993, Secretary Watkins, as chair of the DOE Energy
Systems Acquisition Advisory Board, affirmed that a positive KDO was warranted and
authorized the preparation of aI) NIP Conceptual Design Report for submission in 1994.
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That report, which was completed in May 1994, is a key element in the decision-making
process for proceeding with the NIP Project.
4. NIF Conceptual Design
The conceptual design siting basis for the NIF is a generic DOE Defense Program
site, defined as open space that is within or immediately adjacent to an existing Defense
Programs site. The conceptual design effort was concentrated on the NIF core element,
the Laser and Target Area Building, which is locatable at any of the currently proposed
sites. In addition, through the development of operational flow charts and other analy-
sis, a document was prepared that contains a complete list, description, and cost of
support and auxiliary facilities necessary for NIF operation. Many of these facilities or
their equivalent are likely to exist and be usable for NIP purposes at current candidate
sites. Thus, this list provides a methodology for examining site-specific cases and deter-
mining which new facilities and/or facility upgrades will be required in addition to the
Laser and Target Area Building.
The NIF conceptual design was not only guided by operations planning and an
operational flow analysis of people and materials, but, to a large extent, by an ICF
experimental plan prepared to chart the path to fusion ignition in this facility.
The NIP core facility conceptual design is shown in Figure 1. The Laser and Target
Area are designed to satisfy and be in compliance with a comprehensive set of primary
and functional criteria. Key performance criteria are summarized'in Table 1.
4.1 Laser System
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The NIP laser is designed to meet the primary criteria and functional requirements
for achieving indirectly driven ignition by providing:
. A 500-J1m laser spot size with optimum intensity distribution at the laser entrance
hole. The beam will be spatially smoothed by phase plates and temp-orally
smoothed using four wavelengths at 0.35 J.UIl (300) separated by 3.3 A.
. Symmetrical implosion of the capsule using two-sided target irradiation geom-
etry, with two cones of beams per side, and eightfold rotational symmetry. The
beams will be pointed on target to within 50 J.U11 rms.
. A carefully shaped laser temporal pulse with a peak-b:,-foot contrast ratio of 50:1.
. Sufficient energy in the pulse to provide a high probability of ignition. The laser
will routinely deliver 500 TW /1.8 MJ at 300 to the laser entrance hole of the target
hohlraum.
The 1.053-J1m (100) laser is designed to deliver at least 632 TW or 3.3 MJ in a 5.1-ns
pulse, accounting for peak power-conversion efficiency for the 100/300 frequency con-
verter and other beam-transport losses. The baseline beamline will produce a peak
power of -3.9 TW at 100. Therefore, the minimum number of beams required is 162.
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Table 1. NIF primary and functional criteria highlights.
Laser
A laser capable of:
· Energy (measured incident on entrance hole of the 1.8 MJ
hohlraum)
· Peak Power
· Power Balance (over any 2-ns interval)
· Wavelength
· Pointing (beam centering deviation)
Experimental Area
An experimental area and target chamber capable of:
· Accommodating and supporting experimenter-supplied
cryostats for cryogenic targets
· Annual number of shots with fusion yield
· Maximum credible DT fusion yield limit
· Classified and unclassified experiments
500 TW
<8%
O.35J..lrn
<50 J.I1I1. IIIIS
Yes
100 shots of yield <100 KJ
35 shots of yield <5 MJ
10 shots of yield <.20 MJ
45 MJ (1.6 x 1019 neutrons)
Yes
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The NIF conceptual design includes 192 beamlines, providing a design margin
greater than 15%.
A schematic of one beamline of the high-power neodymium-glass NIP laser is
shown in Figure 2. The 192 laser beamlines require over 9000 discrete, large-format
(greater than 40 cm x 40 cm) optics as well as several thousand small-format (greater
than 15-cm diameter) optics.
The NIP laser subsystems are indicated Figure 1. The laser consists of four
4 high x 12 wide arrays or bundles of beamlines with a nominal hard aperture of 40 cm
each. Each beamline is optically independent. This design is very compact compared to
previous fusion laser systems, facilitating a compact system and building design. A
typical amplifier assembly is shown in Figure 3.
An Optical Pulse Generation (OPG) system provides the input pulse to the laser and
is located below the transport spatial filter (TSF). The OPG system consists of compact,
stand-alone optical packages that inject the input beam into the far field of the TSF. The
beam passes through the boost amplifier columns, the Pockels cell assembly, and is
captured in a multipass scheme using cavity mirrors, amplifiers (AI and A2), and
spatial filters. Flashlamps, located in the amplifier, uniformly pump the laser slabs and
are driven with ....260 MJ electrical energy. The Pulsed Power System provides this
energy, which is stored in dielectric capacitors.
The amplifier column hardware includes laser slabs, reflectors, flashlamps, blast
shields, electrical connections, and support frames. A column consists of an amplifier
module that is four-bearns-high and is grouped 12-beams-wide to form an amplifier
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Cavity
ampllfle
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Figure 2. A schematic of one beamline of the NIF laser from pulse injection to final
focus on target.
227.667
(5.78)
262.905
(6.68)
To target
Amplifier column
(108 in A 1 assembly)
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Figure 3. View of a NIF main cavity amplifier assembly (typical of all NIF
amplifiers).
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assembly. Each laser bundle has three separate amplifiers: a 9-slab-Iong main cavity
amplifier (A1), a 5-slab-Iong switch amplifier (A2), and a 5-slab-Iong boost amplifier
(A3). The frame assembly unit is the principal frame on which the other amplifier com-
ponents are mounted. The frame assembly unit is a one-slab-wide by four-slabs-high by
one-slab-deep aluminum framework, with blast shields mounted to two of the long
sides. A 4-high slab cassette subassembly and an 8-wide flashlamp cassette slide into
the frame assembly unit to form a complete amplifier column. To facilitate assembly
and maintenance, the slab and flashlamp cassettes are changed from underneath an
amplifier column using a special processing cart. This allows the critical amplifier
components to be protected from the laser bay environment at all times. The amplifiers
will operate under a positive pressure, inert gas atmosphere to prevent particle flow
into the amplifier cavity.
The spatial filters are large, evacuated multibeam chambers that provide beam
image relaying and beam modulation control during beam amplification and transport.
This is performed with an array of confocal lens pairs at opposite ends of each chamber
and with pinhole apertures at their common focal planes. The cavity spatial filter is
located within the multipass cavity and is bonnded by amplifiers on either end. The
transport spatial filter is located after the A3 amplifier and accommodates the seed
pulse injection from the optical pulse generation system. The vessels will be constructed
of stainless steel and operate at <10-2 torr vacuum. The size of the spatial filters will
allow pinhole and lens replacement from inside the chamber, out of the laser bay envi-
ronment.
Two cavity mirror mount assemblies (LM1 and LM2) per laser bay are located at
each end of the laser cavity, as shown in Figure 2. These assemblies provide support
and remote alignment of the cavity mirrors that reflect the beam back and forth during
multipass amplification. Each assembly consists of a large array frame, adjustment
platforms for initial alignment, and individual cavity mirror mounts. The cavity mirror
farthest from the target area (LM1) is also a deformable mirror for performing
wavefront correction of the beam. The other cavity mirror (LM2) has full-aperture
transmission capability for use with beam diagnostics. The cavity mirror assemblies
have remotely operated pitch and r<?ll adjustments for use in preshot system alignment.
The Pockels cell is an electro-optic device that rotates the polarization of each laser
beam, and is used with the polarizer to switch the laser beam out of the main amplifier
cavity. To accomplish this switching, the Pockels cell rotates the beam polarization in
less than the cavity round-trip transit time (.....200 ns). It uses plasma-electrode technol-
ogy to create regions of ionized helium on both sides of a potassium dihydrogen phos-
phate (KDP) crystal to induce birefringence, which causes polarization rotation in the
beam passing through. The Pockels cell consists of a housing, KDP crystal, windows"
discharge electrodes, electrical connections, controls, and vacuum system. The windows
contain the plasma near the crystal, and the vacuum system maintains the helium
atmosphere at 35 rotorr. The Pockels cells are grouped in arrays to match the laser beam
layout, which consists of a series of 1-wide x 4-high Basic Switch Units.
There are nOrrUnally six individual transport turning mirror mounts (LM3 to LM8)
per beam, which are also shown in Figure 2. These provide support and remote
alignment of the mirrors that tral)Sport the beam from the laser cavity to the target.
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Each mirror mount array consists of an array frame, adjustment platforms for initial
alignment, and individual transport turning mirror mounts. In order to accommodate
the pointing requirements on the target, both the elbow mirror (LM3) and the ultimate
target mirror (LM8) have remotely actuated pitch and roll adjustments, and the two
switchyard mirrors (LM4 and LM5) have remotely actuated pitch adjustments. The roll
adjustments on LM4 and LM5 and the pitch and roll adjustments on LM6 and LM7 are
one-time manual adjustments that occur during installation. The ultimate target mirrors
. (LM8) have full-aperture transmission capability for use with target backscatter beam
diagnostics.
The Final Optics System is a single integrated structure that is mechanically sup-
ported by and directly fastened to a flange on the Target Chamber. It will convert four
10) beams to the third harmonic, focus these 30) beams onto the target, and provide
beam smoothing and color separation. Frequency conversion will be accomplished
using a Type I KDP second harmonic convertor and a Type II KD*P third harmonic
convertor. The beams will be focused onto the target using off-axis, aspheric, fused-
silica lenses. The wedged component of the lenses will disperse the unconverted and
undesirable 10) and 20) beams from the target. The focus lenses will be the vacuum
barrier for the target chamber. Beam smoothing will be accomplished using phase
plates manufactured on the target side surface of the debris shields. The removable
debris shields will be sacrificial optical elements used to protect the focus lenses from
target debris, shrapnel, and soft x-rays. The Final Optics Assembly will also provide
support for a full-aperture, incident-beam energy diagnostic (30) calorimeter). A diffrac-
tion grating on the laser side of the focus lens will be used to diffract nominally 0.1 % of
the 30) beam to a mirror, which will image the beam onto a thermo-electric calorimeter.
Beam control and laser diagnostic systems are provided to align and diagnose all
NIP laser beams from pulse generation in the Maser Oscillator to the final focus on
target.
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4.2 Target Area
The NIF target area is designed 1:0 satisfy primary and functional requirements by
providing:
. A 10-m-diameter, 10-cm-thick wall, externally shielded aluminum vacuum cham-
ber, upon which is mounted final optics, laser diagnostics, and target diagnostics.
. A vacuum of <5 x 10-5 torr within two hours before a laser shot.
. A vibration-resistant target positioner that will place a cryogenic or a
noncryogenic target within 3 em of the vacuum chamber center.
. A system to align a target and the laser centroid to within 50 J.lm.
. Laser and target diagnostics for system performance control and verification and
provisions for future ignition diagnostics.
. Shielding and confinement systems to protect workers, the public, and the
envirorunent.
\.,'~ '
9
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The NIP target area provides the experimental facility for performing target
experiments and consists of the following major subsystems: target chamber, target
emplacement, target diagnostics, target diagnostics control room, support structures,
environmental protection, and auxiliary systems. A cutaway view of the target area is
shown in Figure 4. The laser beams are transported in 2 x 2 arrays from the switchyards
to the target chamber room. The laser beams focus energy onto a target located at the
center of the target chamber, while target diagnostics mounted on the chamber collect
experimental data. The laser beams enter the target chamber through final optics
assemblies located in two circular configurations defined by the intersection of cones
with -270 and -530 polar angles. The final optics assemblies are offset :1:40 from the
nominal cone angles.
The target chamber is housed in a reinforced-concrete building with three separate
operational areas. The upper and lower pole regions of the target chamber house the
final optics and turning mirrors in a Class 1000 clean room. Personnel access to these
areas will be limited to preserve cleanliness levels. The third area of the target building
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40.00-0394-' 030.pub
Figure 4. A cutaway view of the NIF target area showing major subsystems.
10
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encloses the equatorial portion of the target chamber and contains the majority of the
target diagnostics. This area is not intended to be a clean room as the majority of the
operational diagnostic configuration activity takes place in this region. The cantilevered
floor sections of the building provide separation of the clean room enclosures at the
polar regions from the equatorial target diagnostic area.
The horizontal orientation of the equatorial access plane provides convenient opera-
tional access to the majority of the target diagnostics mounted to the target chamber.
This orientatioI:' also provides convenient horizontal access to the laser optical assem-
blies housed in the target area. This orientation simplifies the design of the access struc-
tures required to service the laser optical components and diagnostics. There are also
structures to provide personnel access to the laser turning mirrors, final optics assem-
blies, and diagnostics.
The NIP baseline target chamber design is a 10-em-thick by 10-m internal-diameter
spherical aluminum shell. The aluminum wall provides the vacuum barrier and
mounting surface for the first wall panels, which protect the aluminum from soft x-rays
and shrapnel. Unconverted laser light that hits the opposite wall is absorbed by other
panels located adjacent to and slightly smaller than the opposing beam port. The
exterior of the chamber will be encased in 40 cm of concrete to provide neutron
shielding. The chamber is supported vertically by a hollow concrete pedestal and
horizontally by radial joints connected to the cantilevered floors. The chamber vacuum
system will provide a 10--6 torr vacuum level for target experiments. The target chamber
is illustrated in Figure 5 with the target emplacement and positioning/alignment
systems and planned diagnostics.
The target emplacement and positioning/ alignment systems are two multi-degree-
of-freedom manipulators designed to provide a system for repeatable and stable align-
ment of the laser beam target sensor system and the target within the target chamber.
The manipulators will be inserted through opposing ports on the target chamber and
will pass through vacuum-isolation valves outside the chamber. This will permit
mounting the target onto the end of the manipulator and subsequent repositioning
inside the evacuated chamber at the beam's focal point. The target emplacement system
is designed for noncryogenic targets; however, the design concept is consistent with
cryogenic targets. Both manipulators are supported by external mounts that are isolated
from the structure and chamber vibration.
Thetarget area will accommodate the required x-ray and neutron diagnostics to
execute the experimental plan for ignition in the NIP. The majority of the target diag-
nostics are positioned around the horizontal equator of the target chamber. To accom-
modate the "equatorial" diagnostics, the Target Area Building arid structural space
frame are designed to provide space around the chamber equator. This configuration
provides a room 30.5 m in diameter by -3-m high, with the chamber approximately at
. the center and a floor common to the equatorial diagnostics, providing easy access and
serviceability of these experiments. In addition, the structure is designed to accommo-
date the diagnostics located up to :1:200 off the equator, as well as diagnostics at the
poles. The diagnostics ports will accommodate many standard diagnostics and will
have a clear aperture 46 cm in diameter so that experiments can use universal twelve-
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Static X-ray Imaging (SXI)
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Figure 5. NIF target chamber with target diagnostics.
inch manipulators for insertion of diagnostics in the chamber. This will provide flexibil-
ity for the rapid rebuilding and relocation of instruments between shots.
Environmental Protection Systems are designed to meet key performance specifica-
tions, such as limiting NIP tritium inventory to 300 Ci and total tritium release from NIP
facilities to less than 10 Ci/y.
The tritium processing system will convert tritium (which will be present in the NIP
target chamber, diagnostic lines-of-sight, vacuum systems, and glove boxes) to tritiated
water, which will be stored on dryer beds for disposal at a later date. The tritium pro-
cessing system will interface with other systems that could be exposed to tritium, such
as vacuum pumping systems for the target chamber.
The cleaning/decontamination of the debris shields will be done in an off-line clean-
ing station to protect personnel and the environment from exposure to tritium-contami-
nated surfaces and external radiation produced by activation. The automated cleaning
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process concept utilizes pelletized C02 blasting equipment for removal of surface
contaminants. The interior of the NIP chamber will be cleaned and decontaminated
using a similar pelletized C02 blasting system with a remotely controlled robotic arm.
The use of the robotic system for cleaning minimizes the need for personnel entry into
the NIP chamber. A general decontamination workstation will provide an off-line
cleaning/ decontamination capability for other target-related components. For all of the
C02 cleaning systems, the aggregate of collected gases will be exhausted to the ahno-
sphere through the facility elevated-release-point after being filtered by a HEPA-filtered
debris recovery system and monitored by a dedicated tritium monitor.
Radiation and tritium monitoring systems will be installed to continuously
measure levels of gamma and neutron radiation within the target room/chamber to
assure that personnel do not enter the target room or chamber before radiation has
declined to pre-established levels. Monitors will be located at experiment areas
outside the target room to ensure that personnel are not exposed to radiation above
prescribed levels.
4.3 Integrated Computer Control System
The Integrated Computer Control System (ICCS) combines the elements of the laser
and target area distributed control subsystems to form an overall control system that
provides for safe and efficient installation, operation, and maintenance of the NIP. The
ICCS consists of six major elements as shown in Table 2.
The computer system and network architecture provide control functions and
operator stations needed in the facility to meet the dual requirements of centralized
controls for experiments and remote controls for construction and maintenance. The
ICCS distributes its processing in a layered architecture, with each additional layer
exhibiting more functional complexity and a higher degree of integration. These layers
are grouped into an upper-level and a lower-level computer system.
Table 2. Major elements of the Integrated Computer Control System.
Ices Element
Contents
Supervisory Control Software
Workstations, networks, file servers, software tools, and graphics
displays
Control and monitoring of power conditioning beam control, laser
diagnostics, and target diagnostics
Fast and precision timing signal generation and distribution
Access controls and subsystem permissives
Pointing, centering and focusing of beam transport components
Computer System
Integrated Timing System
Integrated Safety System
Automatic Alignment System
Ancillary Systems
Video, voice, surveillance and ,environmental monitoring services
13
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L-16973-ES
4.4 Laser and Target Area Building
The Laser and Target Area Building, shown in Figure 1, is designed as an environ-
mentally controlled facility for housing the laser and target area systems. It consists of
two lasers bays, two optical switchyards, a target room, target diagnostic facilities,
capacitor areas, control rooms, and operations support areas. The floor plan is based on
a U-shaped layout, with the laser bays forming the legs of the "U" and the switchyards
.with target room forming the connection. This configuration allows a second target
chamber to be added in the future without major disruption to NIP operation.
The Laser and Target Area Building is designed in accordance with DOE Order
6430.1A4 and is classified as a low-hazard, non-nuclear facility. The Laser and Target
Area Building will conform to other codes such as the Uniform Building Code and the
Life Safety Code.
The laser bays and switchyards consist of isolated 0.91-m-thick concrete slabs, with
walls and roofs supported by isolated piers. The central core area between the laser
bays has system support rooms located on the ground level and mechanical equipment
on the second level. The core area is also supported by piers. This concept of an isolated
mat foundation for the laser bays and a pier support for the main vibration-isolation
sources will satisfy the system vibration-isolation requirements. The target chamber is
housed in a cylindrical, reinforced-concrete building, which is 30.5 m in diameter and is
29.3-m tall, with a: 1.82-m-thick wall and a 1.21-m-thick roof. The target room has 'canti-
levered floors that extend from the cylindrical wall to create the three separate opera-
tional areas (see Figure 4). Two of the areas enclose the upper and lower pole regions of
the target chamber where the turning mirrors and final optics packages are located. The
third area of the target building encloses the equatorial portion of the target chamber
and contains the majority of the target diagnostics. All wall openings will have concrete
doors, except where the laser beams enter the target room. As a result of the beam path
openings, the switchyard walls require a minimum concrete thickness of 0.6 m for
radiation shielding; however, they will be thicker than this for structural reasons.
The heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HV AC) system is designed to provide
filtered, temperature-controlled air to all parts of the Laser and Target Area Building.
The entire experimental area will be maintained with :to.280C in order to satisfy laser
stability requirements. The degree of cleanliness varies with location in the building.
The size of this building would make a totally high-cleanliness facility prohibitively
expensive. Therefore, the approach taken has been to provide graded cleanliness levels
with only localized high-cleanliness areas. The laser bays and switchyards incorporate
90% bag filters to provide a cleanliness level between Class 10,000 and Class 100,000.
Localized clean modules will be utilized around the laser components during assembly
and maintenance to produce a Class 100 cleanliness level. Also, the entire laser system
will be slightly pressurized with a clean gas to prevent particle intrusion onto the criti-
cal optical components inside. The target room will have Class 1000 HEPA-filtered
airflow to the pole regions above and below the target chamber. The target room HV AC
system will be capable of providing a slight negative pressure in the room at shot time
with exhaust release at an elevated point to accommodate the possibility of air activa-
tion during high-yield shots.
14
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The building fire-suppression system will consist of an automatic sprinkler system.
Appropriate fire barriers have been designed to limit property damage, fire
propagation, and loss of life by separating adjoining structures, isolating hazardous
areas, and protecting personnel egress paths. In these rooms, an independent fire
hazards analysis, as allowed by DOE Order 5480.7 AS will be prepared in the Title I
design stage to document a loss potential of less than $150M. In the present design,
materials of building construction (metal, glass, concrete, gypsum), equipment, and
cabling are essentially noncombustible or fire resistant and represent an insignificant
fire load. The most significant fire load is the banks of oil-filled capacitors, which will be
separated from the high-value laser components by housing the capacitors in four, two-
hour, fire-rated rooms.
5. Other Project Activities
In addition to designing, constructing, and procuring hardware for the facilities and
equipment described in the preceding sections, a number of activities are necessary to
support the NIP Project. These Other Project Cost activities are funded by Operating
Expense allocations, as opposed to Plant And Capital Equipment allocations. The fol-
lowing activities are included:
ES&H/Supporting R&D:
. Assurance functions for the project.
. Preliminary Safety Assessment Report development based on the Conceptual
De~ign Report.
· EP A, state, and local NEP A permits.
. Environmental analysis for preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement.
· Conceptual design.
· Advanced conceptual design.
· Technical support.
. Other Project Costs administration and integration.
Start-up Activities:
· Start-up and operations planning.
. Technology transfer.
. Training material preparation and training of operations staff.
. Operations and maintenance procedure preparation.
· Staffing.
. Performance of operational test procedures during facility system start-up.
. Engineering, maintenance, and host site support during facility system start-up.
· Operating spares.
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15
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L-16973~ES
· Initial stores inventory.
· Operational Readiness Reviews.
The assurance functions funded under the Other Project Cost includes Quality,
Security, Safety, and Environmental reviews needed for the NIF Project. An advanced
concepmal design effort will be performed after the NIF concepmal design, and is
expected to result in updated design criteria to be utilized in the Title I design. Techni-
cal support includes final prototype testing, the facilitization of optics manufacmrers,
pilot optics-manufacmring runs, and the Other Project Cost funded set of target diag-
nostics. (An initial set of diagnostics is funded by project capital dollars). Final proto-
type testing provides data for the reliability, availability, and maintainability smdies.
The capacity of U.S. optics companies for producing large optical components is
currently inadequate to meet the NIF schedule requirement. In addition, the cost of
large optics using present manufachlring technology is inconsistent with the NIF cost
goals. For these reasons of schedule and cost, a substantial effort is planned to facilitate
the necessary optics suppliers in order to obtain optics for the NIF at a rate and cost
consistent with present goals. Facilitation requires a sufficient quantity of state-of-the-
art production equipment and a concomitant modification of production facilities to
install the equipment. This facilitation program will commence at the beginning of FY97
with pilot production continuing into mid-FY99.
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The NIF is a national inertial confinement fusion project and a DOE major system
acquisition. The major participants are the DOE-Defense Program at Headquarters and
the qakland Field Office, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos Na-
tional Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, and the University of Rochester Labo-
ratory for Laser Energetics. The line management begins with the DOE Assistant Secre-
tary for Defense Programs and proceeds through the DOE-HQ Program Director and
DOE-HQ Project Director to the DOE/OAK Project Lead. The DOE/OAK Project Lead
provides day-to-day interfaces with the NIF Laboratory Project Office lead by the Labo-
ratory Project Manager and the Deputy Project Managers representing each participat-
ing organization. In addition, subcontractors such as the Architect/Engineer, Construc-
tion Manager, and NEP A document preparer will be involved in the implementation of
the project.
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6.2 Criteria
The NIF design is guided by a comprehensive set of criteria and requirements docu-
ments and, as a DOE project, will conform to applicable DOE orders and guidelines.
The NIP criteria hierarchy is shown in Figure 6.
I
16
The NIP top-level criteria, which are identified in the Functional Requirements/
Primary Criteria document,6 include:
1. Mission-related requirements.
2. Safety requirements.
3. Environmental protection.
4. Safeguards and security.
5. Building systems.
6. Operational availability.
7. Decontamination and decommissioning.
8. Quality assurance.
9. Applicable DOE orders, codes, and standards.
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DOE orders, Federal, State, Justification of NIF users and
codes, and local mission need stakeholders
standards, etc. regulations (JMN) requirements
,
NIF primary
criteria and Level 1
selected
functional
requirements
+
Other
functional Level 2
requirements
System
design Level 3
requirements
Interface
control Level 4
documents
4CJ.00.0494-1m pub
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Figure 6. Hierarchy of the NIF design criteria.
17
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6.3 Project Participants
The project execution staff will consist of personnel from the participating laborato-
ries and subcontractors. In addition, the project will be supported by an extensive
number of manufacturers and suppliers throughout the United States. Figure 7 indi-
cates the types of businesses likely to participate based on prior experience with large
glass laser systems (e.g., Nova, Omega, Beamlet, etc.). The NIF Project will utilize a
variety of contract formats to assure equitable, cost-effective construction, and
procurements.
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6.4 Work Breakdown
The NIP Project is planned around the work breakdown structure shown in
Figure 8. This work breakdown structure provides the backbone for organizing and
integrating cost and schedule information. During design construction and start-up, it
will provide the means to track project expenditures. A more detailed version of the
work breakdown structure is included in the attachment to this document.
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* Small disadvantaged business 23
"* Large business 62
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Figure 7. The projected NIF manufacturing base.
18
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7. Schedule and Cost
I, '
The schedule shown in Figure 9 describes the sequence of events leading to the start
of operations in October 2002. This assumes that the NIP Project is initiated by line-item
funding in FY96 based on a validated Conceptual Design Report. A detailed schedule
has been prepared encompassing all NIP Project activities to work breakdown structure
Level 3 by Participant Code. The schedule has been updated since the CDR to reflect the
decision to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and to accelerate portions
of the manufacturing facilitization program. The EIS activities are on the schedule
critical path. This schedule reflects the DOE decision constraints and thorough attention
to environmental and safety analysis and documentation. The schedule is also tightly
integrated with supporting technology efforts and the activities necessary to assure
cost-effective, reliable, timely supplies of large optical components. The detailed project
schedule reveals the critical path that affects project duration. In some periods (e.g.,
procurement and construction), dual critical paths exist. The major NIP critical path
consists of design, site selection, design and construction of the Laser and Target Area
Buildings through beneficial occupancy, installation of the laser and other special
equipment, completion of acceptance test procedures, and start-up of the NIP. The
processes of completing construction, installing equipment, and system start-up are
overlapped to shorten the critical path within the limits of a practical funding profile.
The release of construction and procurement funding is constrained by a.DOE key
decision, as are design and operations funding. These key decisions (KDl-4) are shown
in Figure 9.
WBS Level 1
National Ignition Facility
Project
Office
1.2
Site and
Conventional
Facilities
Laser
1.4
Target
Area
1.1
was Level 2
1.5
Integrated
Computer
Control
1.6
Optical
Components
c=:=:J PACE funded
~ OPEXfunded
1.4.0693.2859P
Figure 8. NIF Project topw1evel work breakdown structure.
19
L-16973-ES
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The NIP Total Project Cost (TPC) is the sum of the Total Estimated Cost (TEC) and
the Other Project Cost (OPC). The TEC is funded by Plant and Capital Equipment
(PACE) funds, and the OPC is funded by Operating Expense (aPEX) funds. The TEC
activities include the Title I and II design and Title ill engineering; building construc-
tion; procurement, assembly, and installation of all special equipment; and sufficient
spares to reach acceptance of the construction project. Costs associated with the TEC
begin at the start of Title I design and are substantively complete when all subsystems
and components of the special equipment are installed and have been tested in accor-
dance with acceptance test procedures. The OPC activities include all start-up planning
and testing activities, Operational Readiness Reviews, spares inventory sufficient to
reach the end of TPC and to provide for initial operations, the Preliminary Safety
Analysis Report, environmental assessments and NEP A documentation, the conceptual
and advanced conceptual designs, technical support, and assurance functions for these
activities. OPC activities begin before Title I with the costs for the conceptual design
study and end after the Operational Readiness Review. The NIP will then be ready for
KD4 and transition to annual operations. After KD4, the operations of the NIP will be
funded by ICF Program operating funds. Table 3 is a summary of the TEC and Opc.
The last column contains the totals as they appear in the Project Data Sheet. The totals
and temporal profiles have been updated since the CDR to incorporate approved cost
trends (e.g., adding an EIS).
Using the detailed cost database, the Integrated Project Schedule, and the DOE cost
escalation guidance, the NIP temporal cost profile was derived. Table 4 shows the
yearly Budget Outlay (BO) and Budget Authority (BA) requirements for the NIP Project
to cover TEC and OPC.
8. The NIF Conceptual Design Report
The NIF conceptual design has been documented in a multiple volume Conceptual
Design Report. An extensive series of appendices are included with that report to sup-
port the design and cost of the NIP. The Conceptual Design Report includes assess-
ments of safety and environmental issues. The NIP Conceptual Design has been re-
viewed in-depth by participating Laboratory scientists and engineers, by Laboratory
management, by DOE/OAK and DOE-HQ, and by an independent cost estimation
contractor. The Conceptual Design Report contents are described in the attachment to
this document.
Table 3. Summary of NIF costs for the 192-beamlet laser design.
Base costs
Contingency
Total
Total
($M FY 1994 )
($M escalated)
TEC
OPC
TPC
586.5
199.1
785.6
121.0
N/A
121.0
707.5
199.1
906.6
842.6
230.8
1073.4
21
References
1. National Energy Policy Act of 1992, Public Law 102-486.
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2. National Research Council, Second Review of the Department of Energy's Inertial
Confinement Fusion Program, Final Report, National Academy Press, Waslllngton,
D.C. (1990).
I
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I
3. Inertial Confinement Fusion Advisory Committee for Defense Programs' Letter to
Assistant Secretary for Defense Programs (May 20,1994).
4. U.S. Department of Energy, Orc:Ier 6430.1A, General Design Criteria (1989).
5. U.s. Department of Energy, Order 5480.7 A, Fire Protection (1989).
6. National Ignition Facility Primary CriteriafFunctional Requirements, NIF-LLNL-93-058,
L-15983-1, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA (February
1994).
7. National Ignition Facility Conceptual Design Report Supplement, NIF-LLNL-94-113,
L-16973-1 Vol 5, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA (August
1994).
22