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HomeMy WebLinkAboutItem 8.1 Vector Control Services (2) . 5k 5o CITY OF DUBLIN AGENDA STATEMENT CITY COUNCIL MEETING DATE: December 12, 1983 SUBJECT Proposed County Service Area and Benefit Assessment for Vector Control Services EXHIBITS ATTACHED Letter from Director, Division of Environmental Health dated October 31, 1983 ; Executive Summary; Proposed Plan for Establishment of a Countywide County Service Area and Benefit Assessment for Vector Control RECOMMENDATION Receive presentation FINANCIAL STATEMENT: Estimated cost per household per year - $3 . 10 Not to exceed - $4 . 00 per unit DESCRIPTION The County of Alameda Division of Environmental Health has the responsibility to provide vector control services throughout the County. Vector is defined as an animal or insect which is capable of transmitting disease or causing injury or annoyance to humans . Typical vector problems which are handled by the Division of Environmental Health include rats and mice, cockroaches , flys, fleas, bees and wasps, spiders and other animals as well as refuse and animal waste . The Division of Environmental Health is also involved to a limited extent in rabies control activities . As a result of the County ' s fiscal problems , the vector control services which have been provided by the Division of Environmental Health have been reduced by 65% since 1978 . Since the services that are performed in this area by the County are so critical to the health and welfare of residents residing throughout the County, the Division of Environmental Health has proposed the establishment of a County Service Area and Benefit Assessment for vector control services . According to the County, such a County Service Area would enable the County to restore its vector control program to a comprehensive level of service to all cities and the unincorporated area of Alameda County. It would also provide a mechanism for stable and adequate funding for a critical and basic service in the future . The benefit assessment would operate very similarly to the paramedic service benefit assessment which was established earlier by the County. The benefit assessment proposed by the County is estimated at $3 . 10 per benefit assessment unit with a $4 . 00 per year cap . A description of the Dublin program which is presently being performed in the City along with a proposed program for the City of Dublin is included in the attached executive summary and proposed plan. As indicated in the executive summary, the code provides that the Board of Supervisors can create a County Service Area for such a service . Cities may be included in the County Service Area by a majority vote of each City Council . This program has been presented to the Alameda County Manager ' s group. It was the consensus of the Manager ' s group that subsequent to a majority vote of the individual City Councils, the County hold a binding confirmation election in order to confirm the willingness of the residents within the County to be included in such a County Service Area. This election would be held in July 1984 . This program will be formally presented to the Board of Supervisors at its meeting of December 13 , 1983 . Subsequent to that meeting, it is anticipated that the Board of Supervisors will send a resolution to each of the Cities within the County and request each of the City Councils within the County to consider adoption of that resolution to be included in the proposed County Service Area. Staff has arranged with a representative of the Alameda County Division of Environmental Health to make a presentation to the City Council with respect to the services performed under vector control by the Division of Environmental Health and also to discuss the concept of the County Service Area funding that program. -------------------------.------------.-------------------------------------- COPIES TO: ITEM NO. 8' 11 c � 1VED ALAMEDA COUNTY 1\10V 0 1 "!,) HEALTH CARE SERVICES 40 CARL N. LESTER 4►_ Eai Y CF "�'3Lf°1 AGENCY gency Director 470-27th Street,Third Floor Oakland,California 94612 (415) 874-5116 October 31 , 1983 .Mr. Richard C. Ambrose, - City Manager City of Dublin P.O. Box 2340 Dublin, CA 94568 .Dear Mr. Ambrose: SUBJECT: PROPOSED COUNTY SERVICE AREA AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENT FOR VECTOR CONTROL SERVICES At the City Managers ' Association meeting on Wednesday, October 19, 1983, it was agreed that we would provide an Executive Summary of the overall proposal and specific information relevant to your jurisdiction. That summary is enclosed. Two other issues were discussed that needed further clarification. One- was related to administrative costs and the other to supervisory personnel . 1. Administrative Costs Indirect costs of the program is 12% of the total budget. All other costs are direct program costs. 2. Define Supervisory Personnel Supervisory personnel are the field supervisors responsible . for direct supervision of field activities. .Mr. Richard C. Ambrose -Z- October 31 , 1983 We look forward to your continued support and anticipate working.with you and your Council to implement the proposal . Very truly yours, DAVID J. KEARS, DIRECTOR MENTAL HEALTH & COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES e Division of Environmental Health GHW:cb Enclosure cc: David J. Kears (.no encl . ) Judy Shukraft (no encl . ) Carl L. Smith, M.D. (no encl . ) PROPOSAL FOR A COUNTY SERVICE AREA AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENT FOR VECTOR CONTROL SERVICES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DUBLIN I . BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Traditionally, health agencies have enforced local ordinances to control rats, mice, insects, garbage, and other health nuisances relating to public health vectors. Funding for this necessary _ service was not a problem until passage of Proposition 13. As a result of reduction in available funds, the ability of the Division of Environmental Health to provide vector control ser- vices has been reduced by 650. This program consists of non- mandated activities which must compete for the shrinking health dollars . Creation of the Proposed County Service Area and Benefit Assessment will accomplish a two-fold purpose as follows: A. Enable the County to restore its Vector Control Program to a comprehensive level of service to 14 municipalities and the Unincorporated Area of Alameda County. B. Provide a mechanism for stable and adequate funding through formation of a County-wide County Service Area to be financed by a benefit assessment. The benefit assessment is estimated at $3.10 per benefit assessment unit with a $4.00 cap. II . STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Definitions: The word "vector" is a biological term meaning an animal or insect, spider , tick or mite which is capable of transmitting disease, or causing injury or annoyance to man. Vector control involves taking measures against these vectors to interrupt the transmission of vector-borne diseases or otherwise prevent injury and annoyance. There are over 35 known diseases and injuries caused by vectors in California. The most prevalent vector-borne disease in Ala- meda County is rabies, which occurs yearly in wildlife, mainly in skunks and bats. Constant surveillance must be maintained to prevent this disease from spreading to humans and domestic animals. Bubonic plague has been found in the ground squirrel and coyote populations as recently as 1981. The three most common reported vector and related problems in the county in order of occurrence are: (1) rodents, (2) animal bites, and (3) garbage and rubbish. III . PRESENT VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAM ACTIVITIES IN DUBLIN: Program activities are done primarily in response to Requests for Services. Field Staff conduct investigations, public educa- tion, and enforcement. Vector problems which are investigated include rats and mice, cockroaches , flies, fleas , bees and wasps, spiders, and other animals, as well as refuse and animal wastes. Rabies control activities vary according to the extent of activities done by the local animal control services. - In Dublin, the Division of Environmental Health approves quaran- tine procedures, quarantines and releases biting animals, pro- vides forms for reporting animal bites, evaluates and maintains statistical data, processes animal heads for submission to the laboratory, and notifies bite victims regarding the health sta- tus of biting animals. In 1981 through 1983, problems have been reported at the rate of 4.6/1,000 population. The median in Alameda County is 5.6. Rat and mice complaints are up 34% since incorporation. There were an estimated 131 total man hours spent in vector control in Dublin in 1982. IV. THE PROPOSED EXTENDED PROGRAM ACTIVITIES IN DUBLIN ARE AS FOLLOWS : 1. Neighborhood surveys for rat infestations . 2. Collection of rodents for laboratory examination for plague and for flea counts. 3. Total man hours added to Dublin is 462 to bring the total projected program hours to 593. V. FISCAL ANALYSIS AND BUDGET: This proposal will balance the necessary activities to be conducted in each municipality with the available revenue from each city. The estimated benefit assessment at $3.10 provides $15,441 from the estimated 4,981 Benefit Assessment Units from Dublin . The estimated total costs for the program in Dublin is $16,248 based on $27.40 per man hour. The total budget for the County- wide program is as follows: 2 Personnel Services $ 816 , 627 Equipment 55, 000 Supplies and Services 177 , 000 Total Direct Costs: 1,048,627 Indirect Costs (120) $ 125, 835 Subtotal : $1, 174 , 462 Contingency Fund (10%) $ 117, 446 Grand Total : $1, 291,908 VI . LEGAL AUTHORITY: The County Service Area Law, Section 25210. 1 et. seq. of the Government Code enables the Board of Supervisors to create a County Service Area for miscellaneous extended services. One of these services is vector control. Cities may be included in the County Service Area by majority vote of each city council using one of three processes: 1. A majority vote of council members only. 2. A majority vote preceded by a public advisory election. 3. A majority vote to be followed by a binding confirmation election. 3 3 iq9 i i 4 - PROPOSED PLAN FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF A COUNTYWIDE COUNTY SERVICE AREA AND BENEFIT ASSESSMENT FOR VECTOR CONTROL C [F&6� 31. L L ISO; MEMMMMIMEMIMA 1 . . PROPOSED VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAM FOR THE CITY OF DUBLIN s LEGAL AUTHORITY FOR VECTOR CONTROL AC _ TIVITIES - A. Contract between the- Cit of'Dublin' and Alameda Count Health Ca Services A enc v re No contract currently exists between the two entities to provide for services of the Alameda County Health Officer or his designees. B. City Ordinances relating to Vector Control The City of Dublin has adopted County ordinances by reference in the interim, until the final adoption of municipal codes. The listing that follows is an analysis of County ordinances. 1 . General Enforcement: Codes enabling the County Health Officer to enforce and abate local and state codes are: i Title 3 , Chapter 4, Article 9, which gives the County Health* Officer or the Director of Environmental Health abatement responsibility for every dangerous and insanitary condition in the unincorporated territory in Alameda County. Title 7 , Chapter 7 , Article 1 , which gives the County Health Officer enforcement authority over matters pertain- ing to public health. Title 1 , Chapter 4, Article 11 , which provides for the recovery of .costs incurred by* the County Health Officer resulting from the enforcement of "statutes, orders. quarantine, rules , or regulations. " 2• Rodents: Several ordinances give responsibility to the County i Health Officer to investigate or abate rodent problems: Section 3-69.9 (IIIa) which prescribes weekly rat inspections i and abatement for hog farms. 1 Section 3-70.3 (lb) which prescribes weekly rat inspections and abatement for animal feeding yards. } Title 3 , Chapter 5, which describe policies and procedures for control of rodent infestations by the County Health Officer. The management of circumstances potentially contributing to rodent infestation are outlined in: i i Sections 7-11 .6 - 7-11 .9, which outline specific re- I ; sponsibilities for the maintenance, repair, and inspection of private sewers; broken side sewers are the most common means by which rats enter homes. Responsibility for j enforcement is shared by the Building Official and the , County Health Officer. s Section 2-5.4, which requires that automobile wrecking establishments be rodent proofed. Enforcement of this section is under the licensing authority of the Board of Supervisors. `s Sections 3-56.0 - 3-57.0, which prohibit the accumulation of waste since it provides "a significant food source for rodents . . . " Enforcement authority is included in the in- spection and permit responsibilities of the County Health Officer. Section 3-69.0, which regulates the disposal or use of garbage for feeding animals so as to "discourage . . . breeding of rodents. " Sections 3-69.4 - 3-69.5 , which require the Health Officer to inspect and pass judgment on the ground seal at local disposal facilities , one purpose of which is to prevent rodent infestation. Sections 3-69.9 - 3-70.6, which include the regulations for operating hog farms and animal feeding yards and make °1 specific prohibitions against nuisances and creating "rodent harborage." Enforcement authority is conferred with annual inspection requirements to the County Health Officer. Section 3-1-1 .2, which directs that animal shelters and waste storage be rodent-proof. Abatement is the responsi- bility of the owner and County Health Officer. Section 3-150.0, which is included in the general weed abatement and anti-litter ordinanr�� s in Alameda Count Rne purpose of which is to prevent a �iarborage for rodenIs. 3. Disease Control : Code sections dealing specifically with Rabies are: Section 2-15.5 , which empowers the County Health Officer to destroy impounded dogs . Section 3-46.4, which declares anti-rabies vaccination as a prerequisite for a dog license. Section 3-48.1 , which empowers the County Health Officer to quarantine any animal which has bitten any person or animal . x Section 3-48.2, which mandates the submission of the head of any animal that died while under quarantine to the laboratory of the County Health Department. on 3-48.3 which demands that any person in charge Sects P of a biting animal notify the local animal control officer, who , in turn, is responsible to forward the report to the County Health Officer. Code sections alluding to conditions conductive to other animal- borne diseases are: Section 2-13.2, which governs the certification procedures for kennels under the authority of the County Health Officer. Sections 2-15.2 and 3-48.0 - 3-48.6, which describe the treatment of dogs and animals running at-large. Enforcement authority is given to the County Health Officer. Sections 2-15.5 and 3-50.2, which empowers the County Health Officer to destroy impounded dogs and animals. Section 2-95.3, which regulates pets and livestock in trailer parks. Section 3-48.6, which describes and proscribes animal nui- sances . Section 3-76.0, which authorizes the County Health Officer to abate "dangerous or insanitary conditions. Sections . 3-101 - 3-101 .2, which prescribe the keeping of fowl , livestock, and rabbits , and specifically directs that the animals ' shelter and waste storage be rodent-proof and fly-tight. Abatement is the responsibility of the owner and County Health Officer. 4. Solid Waste Management: Codes which cover hazardous health condi- tions arising from improper. storage of waste are: Title 1 , Chapter 4, which comprise the general garbage, rubbish, and refuse ordinances for Alameda County. Title 1 , Chapter 4 , which contains the "Alameda County Waste Disposal Ordinance. " Section 3-150.0 - 3-150.3, which comprise the general weed abatement and anti-litter ordinances in Alameda County. 5. Insects: Provisions relating to the control of fleas , wasps , bees , spiders , flies , and miscellaneous parasites are included in: Sections 3-56.0 - 3-57.0, which prohibit the accumulation of waste since it provides a "breeding media for insects Enforcement authority is included in the inspection and permit responsibilities of the County Health Officer. Section 3-69.0, which regulates the disposal and use of garbage for feeding animals so as to "discourage . . . breeding of . . . insects. " Sections 3-69.4 3-69.5, which require the Heal.th -Officer to inspect and pass judgment on the ground seal at local -- disposal facilities , one purpose of which is to prevent insect infestation. Sections 3-69.9 3-70.6, which include the regulations for operating hog farms , and animal feeding yards , and make specific prohibitions against nuisances and allowing "breeding of insects. " Enforcement authority is conferred with annual inspection requirements to the County Health Officer. Title 3, ' Chapter 5, which describe policies and procedures for fly control by the County Health Officer. Section 3-101 .2, which directs that animal shelters and waste storage be fly-tight. Abatement is the responsibility of the owner and County Health Officer. Section 3-150.0, which is included in the general weed abatement and anti-litter ordinances in Alameda County, one purpose of which is to prevent breeding media for insects.. C. State Laws Relating' to Vect6r' C6htr6l 'and' Vector-borne Diseases 1 . Rodent Control: Health and Safety Code :Section 1800 et seq. The Health Officer may inspect for rodent infestations (rats , mice and ground squirrels) . The city council may appropriate money for rodent control materials; and Health Officer shall cause rodents to be exterminated if individuals fail to correct; expense, is a charge against the city and lien is placed on the property where work is done. 2. Rabies Control : Section 2606(a) , Title 17 , California Admin- istrative Code, requires Health Officer to be notified when persons are bitten by an, animal subject to rabies in offici- ally declared "rabies areas." Alameda County has been declared to be a "rabies area" since 1955 due to continued findings of rabies in the county. Section 2606(b) and (c) and 2606.2 place approval of isolation and quarantine procedure of biting ani- mals and animal contacts under the local Health Officer. Under Section 2606.8, the Health Officer supervises quarantine of skunks , and prohibits capturing wild skunks for pets , other possession of skunks or transportation of skunks. -4- :i 11111 1 1,11,V Vili I 3. Psittacosis and Other Diseases Transmitted to Man from Birds: Sections 2100 - 2108 of the Health and Safety Code t control banding of psittacine birds. Section 2104 gives power to the State Heal.th Department to set regulations . The regulations are in Title 17 of the California Admin- istrative Code, Section 2602. Section 2602(m) .provides that the local Health Officer may quarantine imported birds or birds that are suspected as a source of disease to humans or are a potential source to humans. I c t T _;LISTING VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAM IN DUBLIN A. Analysis of vector problems Attached is Table Number 5 which indicates the number of vector problems reported to the Alameda County Division of Environmental Health from Dublin in 1981-83 . :' The following conclusions can be made from the data: _ 1 . Animal bites represent approximately 50% of the reported problem. 2 . Insect problems appear to be an increasing concern now constituting 22% of the complaints . 3 . Since incorporation, total complaints have risen an average of 37%/year. u . The average level of vector problems for 3 years is 4 . 6/1000 population over the past two years . This compares with the County-wide median at 5 . 6 . 3. Present Vector Control Program Activities of the Division of Environmental Health in Dublin Program activities are devoted primarily to response to public requests for services as follows : 1 . Vector other than biting animals : This includes investigation of problems , public education and enforcement activities . Staff must have an expert knowledge of vector-borne diseases and their biology and control of vectors . They must be able to detect their presence through knowledge of their "signs" and breeding and daytime hiding places . It includes the following vector problems . a . Rats and mice . b . Arthropods such as cockroaches , flies , fleas , bees , wasps and spiders . C . Refuse and animal wastes . d . Other animal nuisances . e . Reports of vector-borne diseases such as psittacosis and salmonellosis . 2 . Rabies Control Activities: a. Approve site of quarantine as well as initiate quarantine of biting animals . b . Release biting animal from quarantine. C . Provide forms for reporting of animal bites t by Alameda County Field Services . d. Evaluate and maintain statistical data for rabies reports required by the State . e . Process animal heads for submission for Tabora tory examination for rabies . i f. Notify the animal bite victim or treating physi- cian of the health status of the animal. This will determine whether rabies treatment will be recommended by the physician. 3 . Man Hours Spent in Vector Control in 1982: The total man hours for rabies and other vector control activities in 1982 were as follows : 'r Rabies Control Other Vector Control Total Buff Time : 31* 54* 85 istrative �9 46 Time : 17 Total: 48* 83* 131* *Estimates only since this time .was included in Alameda County Data in 1982. 1 • PROPOSED EXTENDED PROGRAM ACTIVITIES IN DUBLIN A. Survey and Investigations.: Environmental surveys will be. conducted in neighborhoods with rodent or insect problems to determine the causes and corrective measures required. B. Plague Surveillance.: Ground squirrels will be collected in order to take blood specimens for laboratory examination for plague . Dublin is located in the proximity of areas with a history of plague . -7- C Proposed extended program activities and man hours spent: Man Hours 1. . Routine poisoning and inspection of creeks and sanitary sewer system -0- 2 . Ne:ie;hbor'hood surveys and investigations 150 3 . Plague surveillance 150 �� . Administrative time 162 TOTAL 462 i TOTAL MAN HOURS IN EXISTING AND PROPOSED PROGRAM: 694 ESTIMATED REVENUES FROM DUBLIN : A . Number of estimated Benefit Assessment Units 4 , 981 B. Estimated Benefit Assessment/BAU $3 . 10 C . Estimated Revenue from Dublin $15 ,441 PROGRAM COSTS FOR DUBLIN ACTIVI'T'IES IN COMPARISON TO REVENUE FROM BENEFIT ASSESSMENT A . Cost : $27 . 40 per man hour B. Total number of man hours allocated to Dublin 593 C . Program Costs : $161248 Surplus services provided to Dublin in dollars : $807 'Phis represents a 5 . 2% surplus of costs over revenue derived from Dublin Benefit Assessment Units . -8- g INV ci TABLE I % of N of Reported % of County Vector Total V.C. Population Problems of Total Activities V.C. Time City Served)* 1982 1982 1982 1 Alameda (6.3%) 5.0% 2.2% 1.9% 2. Albany (1.5%) 1.0% 1.2% 1.2% 3. Dublin (1.3%) 1.0% 4. aTeryville .40) 1.2%*** .3%*** 5. Fremnt (13.4%) 9.6% 5.1% .3% 5.4% 6. Hayward (9.3%) 10.0% 6.7% 6.5% 7. Liverrwre (4.80) 4.9% 3.7% 4.2% S. Newark (3.2%) 2.4% 3.3% 3.3% 9. Oakland (33.9%) 44.1%*** 57.6% 57.0%**** 0. Piedmnt (1.0%) .90 1.1% 1.3% I. Pleasanton (3.5%) 2.5% 4.6% 4.3% 2. San Leandro (6.4%) 5.8% 4.5% 3. union city 5.1% fi (4.1%) 2.2% 1.6% 1.90 4• Ulincorporated (11.00) 9.30 8.1% 7.5 'Population of 1,017,742 as of 01/01/82. (Excludes Berkeley) "'Ot available since included in UnicOrPOrated data in 1982. *"Reflects increased awareness Of the Public by the Federally funded Rat C'O"tz-01 Prograrn in Emeryville and West Oakland. '"�rk in West Oak-land and PrOgram, not included. Emeryville done by Federally funded Rat Control 'ePcrted vector problems for the year of 1982: 6,969. problems gene-rated 16,016 activities and 10,387 hours of work tin,-- e of -65 hours per activity. 1982, 92.8% of. the work was done by the six Vector Control Officers and one tal Services Aide. The remainder was done J. by Registered Sanitarians. "5 P. 4 . j 4 - TABLE 2 Estimated Total Number of City/Sanitary District Sewer Manholes Alameda 1,500 Alban y 500 3. Berkeley 5,000 4. Castro Valley Sanitary District 2200 5- . amryville ,kla 165 7. Oa nd 6,000 g- Ora 14,885 I�tia Sanitary District 5,000 9• Piedmont 10. San anldro 700 L�e 1,200 TOTAL 37,150 Z' '$ estimated that approximately 45% of the total manholes would be inspected -YYt a-�inr Folsoned during each year of operation. •'i ..4 �r ;i ;t" 4(i lilt PROPOSED VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAM TABLE 3 ALAMEDA COUNTY BENEFIT ASSESSMENT UNITS (excluding Berkeley) RESIDENTIAL UNITS NON-RESIDENTIAL TOTAL % of B.A.U. ' lameda 20,776 1 ,615 22,391 5.9 r p lbany 5,566 639 . 6,205 1.6 �blin 4,445 536 41981 1 .3 ryville 2,770 836 3,006 ,g ' rerront 40,971 3,810 44,781 11,8 yward 27,369 5,062 32,431 8.6 ive ,more 15,883 7 ,592 17,475 4.6 ark 10,038 1 ,148 11 ,186 3.0 kland 116,488 18,114 134,602 35.6 teGaont 4,035 48 4,083 1 . 1 leasanton 12,069 1 ,151 13,220 3.5 ' Leandro 22,372 3,323 25,695 6.8 icn City 12,377 1 ,128 13,439 3,5 �lncorporated 36167 L8991 '45;158 11 .9 330,660 47,993 378,653 100 % p j, 'dYy I . '3 PROPOSED VECTOR CONTROL PROGRAM TABLE 4 , j ALAMEDA COUNTY BENEFIT ASSESSMENT UNITS RESIDENTIAL UNITS NON-RESIDENTIAL a s TOTAL % of B.A.U. ^ . lameda 20,776 1 ,615 22,391 5.3 lbany 5,566 639 6,205 1 .5 rkeley 34,442 4,665 39,107 9.4 - - blip 4,445 536 4,981 1.2 eryville 2,170 836 3,006 0.7 emont 40,971 3,810 44,781 10.7 yward 27,369 5,062 32,431 vermore 15,883 7.8 1 ,592 17,475 4.2 ' dark 10,038 1 ,148 � 11 ,186 2.7 kland 116,488 , 13,114 134,602 32.2 edm.ant 4,035 48 r -' easanton 12,069 4,083 1 .0 11151 13,220 3.2 Leandro 22,372 3,323 25,695 6. 1 on City 12,311 ncor�orated 1 ,128 13,439 3.2 3- 67 8,991 300,102 4--5,1 8 10.8 .,�. 52,658 417,760 100 Y i ! ` TABLE 5 VECTOR PROBLEMS REPORTED BY THE PUBLIC DUBLIN - CALENDAR YEARS 1981 1 c 982 1983* s and mice 11 8 al bites 29 35 30 se 7 f 9 8 al wastes 2 3 l r animals includes tacosis Invest, 3 1 5 t s 5 ` _ 8 15 T. =i 0 3 0 � Total T � r 50 70 67 a„ to based of January - September, )g83 data ;j1, s 0 TABLE 6 5� n_ r of vector control problems per - 1000 population using 3 years average for 1981 -83 } risdiCLion in Alameda County (Arranged from Lowest to Highest Rate) `! Problems Per/1000 •Population Union City>t 1 . � y 3.4 _ s� y. Pleasanton 4.4 . . 3. Piedmont 4.4 R. Dublin 4.6 5. Fremont 4.8 ,.. i 5 6. Albany ` 5.0 'J. Alameda County (Unincorporated) 5.3. 8. Newark 5.6 -MEDIAN 3 Q. San Leandro 5.9 10. Livermore ` 6.0 1 1 . Alameda 6.4 .0- ' z_: 12. Hayward 6.8 13. Berkeley 9.2 14. Oakland 10. 1 -=le ryvi Ile 16.4 U Average 7.3 s • <R vqF_'•.